# कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa)

Canonical page: https://sanskritlexicon.com/word/krishna

कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) is a Sanskrit word meaning black, dark, or dark-blue, wicked, evil, the dark half of the lunar month from full to new moon, the fourth or Kali-yuga, black or dark-blue, the antelope. Its 139 recorded definitions are grouped into 14 contexts, among them Various Human Individuals Named Krishna, Other Deities, Epic/Mythical Figures, The Color Black, Darkness, Evil, or Primary Senses.

- **Etymology:** E. कृष to attract, as the minds of men, &c. नक् Uṇādi affix; (this is applied to KṚṢṆA, &c.) else, कृष to tinge, affix the same; again कृष्ण black, &c. and अच् affix, fem. affix टाप् — E. kṛṣa to attract, as the minds of men, &c. nak Uṇādi affix; (this is applied to KṚṢṆA, &c.) else, kṛṣa to tinge, affix the same; again kṛṣṇa black, &c. and ac affix, fem. affix ṭāp
- **SLP1:** `kfzRa`  **IAST:** kṛṣṇa  **Devanagari:** कृष्ण
- **Wikipedia:** https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna
- **Declensions:** 48 forms — https://sanskritlexicon.com/word/krishna/declensions.md
- **Other headwords romanised the same way:** कृष्णा (kṛṣṇā)

## Meanings by context

### Various Human Individuals Named Krishna (28 definitions)
- Name of a poet of the Rigveda descended from Angiras  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > N. of one of the poets of the Ṛg-veda (Title) (descended from Aṅgiras), Ṛg-veda (Title) viii, 85, 3 and 4; Śāṅkhāyana-brāhmaṇa (Title) xxx, 9 [ ID=55152 ]
- a son of Devaki and pupil of Ghora Angirasa  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > (a son of Devakī and pupil of Ghora Āṅgirasa), Chāndogya-upaniṣad (Title) iii, 17, 6 [ ID=55153 ]
- See Harita  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of Hārita See - हारित (-hārita) [ ID=55160 ]
- a son of Shuka by Pivari and teacher of yoga  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of a son of Śuka by Pīvarī (teacher of the Yoga), Harivaṃśa (Title) 980 ff. [ ID=55161 ]
- a pupil of Bharadvaja  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of a pupil of Bharad-vāja, Kathāsaritsāgara (Title) vii, 15 [ ID=55162 ]
- of Havirdhana  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of Havir-dhāna, Harivaṃśa (Title) 83; VP.; Bhāgavata-purāṇa (Title) iv, 24, 8 [ ID=55163 ]
- a son of Arjuna  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of a son of Arjuna, Harivaṃśa (Title) 1892 [ ID=55164 ]
- an adopted son of Asamanjas  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of an adopted son of A-samañjas, 2039 [ ID=55165 ]
- of a chief of the Andhras  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of a chief of the Andhras, VP. [ ID=55166 ]
- belonging to the author of a commentary on the Mahabharata  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of the author of a Comm. on the MBh. [ ID=55167 ]
- of a poet  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of a poet [ ID=55168 ]
- the author of a commentary on the Dayabhaga  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of the author of a Comm. on the Dayā-bhāga [ ID=55169 ]
- of the son of Keshavarka and grandson of Jayaditya  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of the son of Keśavārka and grandson of Jayāditya [ ID=55170 ]
- of the father of Tana-bhatta and uncle of Ranga-natha  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of the father of Tāna-bhaṭṭa and uncle of Raṅga-nātha [ ID=55171 ]
- of the father of Damodara and uncle of Malhana  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of the father of Dāmodara and uncle of Malhaṇa [ ID=55172 ]
- of the father of Prabhujika and uncle of Vidyadhara  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of the father of Prabhūjīka and uncle of Vidyā-dhara [ ID=55173 ]
- of the father of Madana  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of the father of Madana [ ID=55174 ]
- of the grammarian Rama-candra  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of the grammarian Rāma-candra [ ID=55175 ]
- of the son of Varunendra and father of Lakshmana  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of the son of Vāruṇendra and father of Lakṣmaṇa [ ID=55176 ]
- of the father of Hira-bhatta  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of the father of Hīra-bhaṭṭa (author of the Comm. called Carakabhāṣya, and of the work Sāhitya-sudhā-samudra) [ ID=55177 ]
- a son of Havirdhana and Havirdhani  
  *The Purana Index*
  > Kṛṣṇa (III) — a son of Havirdhāna and Havirdhānī. Bhā. IV. 24. 8; Br. II. 37. 24; Vā. 63. 23; Vi. I. 14. 2. [ ID=3509 ]
- a king who was the brother of Balin  
  *The Purana Index*
  > Kṛṣṇa (IV) — a brother of the Andhra servant Balin (Balipuccaka- Vi. P. ) who killed his master Kāṇva Suśar- man and usurped the throne. After him, his brother Kṛṣṇa became king. His son was Śrī Śāntakarṇa, 1 who ruled for 18 years. 2 Page1-451+ 24 [ Footnote: 1) Bhā. XII. 1. 23; Br. III. 74. 162; Vi. IV. 24. 44-5.] [ Footnote: 2) M. 273. 3.] [ ID=3510 ]
- a pupil of Sumantu of Atharva Veda fame  
  *The Purana Index*
  > Kṛṣṇa (VII) — a pupil of Sumantu of Atharva Veda fame. Br. II. 35. 56. [ ID=3513 ]
- a son of Dullola  
  *The Purana Index*
  > Kṛṣṇa (VIII) — a son of Dullola. Br. III. 7. 443. [ ID=3514 ]
- a son of Shuka and Pivari  
  *The Purana Index*
  > Kṛṣṇa (IX) — a son of Śuka and Pīvarī. Br. III. 8. 93; 10. 81; M. 15. 10. Vā. 70. 85; 73, 30, 62. [ ID=3515 ]
- an Andhaka  
  *The Purana Index*
  > Kṛṣṇa (X) — an Andhaka. Br. III. 71. 143; M. 44. 84. [ ID=3516 ]
- an adopted son of Asamaujasa  
  *The Purana Index*
  > Kṛṣṇa (XII) — an adopted son of Asamaujasa. Vā. 96. 141. [ ID=3518 ]
- The name of a seer in the Rigveda  
  *The Vedic Index of Names and Subjects*
  > [Printed book page 1-184 ] 2. Kṛṣṇa appears as the name of a seer in one hymn of the Rigveda. 1 Tradition assigns to him or to Viśvaka, son of Kṛṣṇa ( Kārṣṇi ), the authorship of the following hymn. 2 The word Kṛṣṇiya may be a patronymic 3 formed from the same name in two other hymns of the Rigveda, 4 where the Aśvins are said to have restored Viṣṇāpū to Viśvaka Kṛṣṇya. In that case Kṛṣṇa would seem to be the grandfather of Viṣṇāpū. This Kṛṣṇa may be identical with Kṛṣṇa Āṅgirasa mentioned in the Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇa. 5 [ Footnote: 1) viii. 85, 3. 4.] [ Footnote: 2) viii. 86.] [ Footnote: 3) i. 116, 23; 117, 7.] [ Footnote: 4) As a patronymic, it would be an isolated formation ( cf. however Pajriya ), instead of Kārṣṇya. Cf. Macdonell, Vedic Grammar, 228 a and 200.] [ Footnote: 5) xxx. 9. Cf. Ludwig, Translation of the Rig- veda, 3, 108; Macdonell, Vedia Myth- ology, p. 52.] [ ID=700 ]

### Other Deities, Epic/Mythical Figures (24 definitions)
- An attendant in Skanda's retinue  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > [Printed book page 306,3] N. of an attendant in Skanda's retinue, Mahābhārata (Title) ix, 2559 [ ID=55155 ]
- of an Asura  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of an Asura, Harivaṃśa (Title) 12936; Sāy. on Ṛg-veda (Title) i, 101, 1 [ ID=55156 ]
- a king of the Nagas  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of a king of the Nāgas, Mahābhārata (Title) ii, 360; Divyāvadāna (Title) ii [ ID=55157 ]
- of Arjuna  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of Arjuna (the most renowned of the Pāṇḍu princes, so named apparently from his colour as a child), Mahābhārata (Title) iv, 1389 [ ID=55158 ]
- of Vyasa  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of Vyāsa, MBh.; Harivaṃśa (Title) 11089 [ ID=55159 ]
- Krishna and Arjuna  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > (H1B) [Printed book page 306,3] कृष्णौ (kṛṣṇau) ( औ (au) ), m. du. Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna, Mahābhārata (Title) i, 8287; iii, 8279 [ ID=55179 ]
- Name of Draupadi  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > N. of Draupadī, MBh. [ ID=55185 ]
- an epithet of Durga  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of Durgā, Mahābhārata (Title) iv, 184 [ ID=55186 ]
- one of the seven tongues of fire  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of one of the seven tongues of fire, L., Sch. [ ID=55187 ]
- of one of the mothers in Skanda's retinue  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of one of the mothers in Skanda's retinue, Mahābhārata (Title) ix, 2640 [ ID=55188 ]
- of a Yogini  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of a Yoginī, Hcat. [ ID=55189 ]
- a kind of demon or spirit of darkness  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > a kind of demon or spirit of darkness, Ṛg-veda (Title) iv, 16, 13 [ ID=55195 ]
- Name of Vyasa, the reputed author of the Mahabharata  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णः (ṣṇaḥ) 8 N. of Vyāsa, the reputed author of the Mahābhārata
- Name of Arjuna  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णः (ṣṇaḥ) 9 N. of Arjuna
- Draupadi, wife of the Pandavas  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णा (ṣṇā) 1 N. of Draupadī, wife of the Pāṇḍavas; Kirātārjunīya 1. 26
- an epithet of Durga  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णा (ṣṇā) 7 An epithet of Durgā
- One of the seven tongues of fire  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णा (ṣṇā) 8 One of the 7 tongues of fire
- an epithet of fire  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — अध्वन्, - अर्चिस् (adhvan, -arcis) m. an epithet of fire; cf. कृष्णवर्त्मन् (kṛṣṇavartman)
- an epithet of Durga  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ला (lā) ) N. of Durgā
- 1. Vyasa, the compiler of the Mahabharata, divider of the Vedas, and author of the Puranas. 2. An incarnation of Narayana and sage born to Parashara and Satyavati.  
  *The Purana Index*
  > [Printed book page 1-450 ] Kṛṣṇa (II) (davaipāyana) — Vyāsa (s.v.) of the current dvāpara, the son of Parāśara and Satyavatī (Kāli, Vā. P. ): a munī; 1 wife Araṇi and son Śuka; author of the Purāṇa Śāstra; 2 father of Dhṛtarāṣṭra, Vīdura and Pāṇḍu by the widows of Vicitravīrya and their female servant. Another wife Pīvari, by whom he got five sons and one daughter. 3 Divided the Vedas into four parts: an avatār of Nārāyaṇa; 4 the compiler of the Mahābhārata. [ Footnote: 1) Bhā. I. 4. 3 and 32; IX. 22. 21; XII. 4. 40; 6. 35; Vā. 1. 10; 23. 226; 70. 54; Vi. III. 3. 19.] [ Footnote: 2) Br. III. 8. 92; IV. 4. 50.] [ Footnote: 3) M. 50. 46; 185. 30; Vā. 99. 241; Vi. IV. 20. 38; VI. 2. 32.] [ Footnote: 4) Vi. III. 4. 3-10.] [ ID=3508 ]
- a name of Arjuna  
  *The Purana Index*
  > [Printed book page 1-451 ] Kṛṣṇa (V) — a name of Arjuna. Bhā. XII, 11. 25. [ ID=3511 ]
- a name of Brahma  
  *The Purana Index*
  > Kṛṣṇa (VI) — a name of Brahmā. Br. II. 34. 7. [ ID=3512 ]
- the asura of the second tala, the Sutala  
  *The Purana Index*
  > Kṛṣṇa (XI) — the asura of second tala, the Sutala. Vā. 50. 21. [ ID=3517 ]
- a name of Vyasa  
  *The Purana Index*
  > Kṛṣṇa (XIII) — a name of Vyāsa. Vi. V. 38. 52. [ ID=3519 ]

### The Color Black, Darkness, Evil, or Primary Senses (22 definitions)
- black, dark, or dark-blue  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > (H1) [Printed book page 306,2] 1. कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) mf( आ (ā) )n. black, dark, dark-blue (opposed to श्वेत (śveta), शुक्ल (śukla), रोहित (rohita), and अरुण (aruṇa) ), RV.; AV. &c. [ ID=55142 ]
- wicked, evil  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > wicked, evil, Vopadeva (Author) vii, 82 [ ID=55143 ]
- black or dark-blue  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > ( कृष्णस् (kṛṣṇas) ), black (the colour) or dark-blue (which is often confounded with black by the Hindūs), L. [ ID=55146 ]
- blackness, darkness  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) ( अम् (am) ), n. blackness, darkness, i, 123, 1 and 9 [ ID=55192 ]
- Black, dark, or dark blue  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) [Printed book page 0421-b ] कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) a. [ कृष् - नक् (kṛṣ-nak) ] 1 Black, dark, dark-blue
- Wicked, evil  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) [Printed book page 0421-b ] कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) a. [ कृष् - नक् (kṛṣ-nak) ] 2 Wicked, evil
- The black colour  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णः (ṣṇaḥ) 1 The black colour
- Blackness or darkness  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णं (ṣṇaṃ) 1 Blackness, darkness (moral also)
- An inauspicious act.  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णं (ṣṇaṃ) 7 An inauspicious act
- Money acquired by gambling.  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णं (ṣṇaṃ) 8 Money acquired by gambling
- dark-brown  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — पिंगल (piṃgala) a. dark-brown. (
- 1. Black or dark. 2. The dark half of the lunar month. 3. The black antelope. 4. An incarnation of Vishnu. 5. Blackness or darkness.  
  *Macdonell Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) [Printed book page 073-3 ] कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) kṛṣ-ṇá, n. black; dark; w. pakṣa, dark half of the month ( from full new moon ); m. ( kṛṣṇa ) black antelope; N. of a god (incarnation of Viṣṇu) : du. Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna; ā, f. kind of leech; N. of several plants; Page74-1 ep. of Draupadī, and of Durgā; n. blackness, darkness. [ ID=6262 ]
- Black or dark blue. As a noun, 1. The color black or dark blue. 2. The deity Krishna, the most celebrated form of Vishnu. 3. The sage Vyasa, compiler of the Vedas. 4. A name of Arjuna. 5. The Indian cuckoo. 6. A crow. 7. The karonda fruit. 8. The dark half of the lunar month from full to new moon. As a neuter noun, 1. Black pepper. 2. Iron. 3. Blue vitriol. 4. Black agallochum. As a feminine noun, 1. Draupadi, wife of the Pandavas. 2. The indigo plant. 3. Long pepper. 4. A grape. 5. The kakoli drug. 6. Nigella indica. 7. Black mustard. 8. The Krishna river. 9. A poisonous black leech.  
  *Wilson Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > कृष (kṛṣa) ्ण (kṛṣṇa) [Printed book page 245 ] कृष (kṛṣa) ्ण (kṛṣṇa) mfn. ( - ष्णः (-ṣṇaḥ)- ष्णा (-ṣṇā)- ष्णं (-ṣṇaṃ) (-ṣṇaḥ-ṣṇā-ṣṇaṃ) ) Black or dark blue. m. ( - ष्णः (-ṣṇaḥ) ) 1 Black, the colour, or dark blue, which is often confounded with it by the Hindus. 2 KṚṢṆA, the most celebrated form of VIṢṆU, or rather VIṢṆU himself; he is distinct from the ten Avatāras or incarnations, being identified with the deity. 3 VYĀSA, a sage, the compiler of the Vedas. 4 A name of ARJUNA. 5 The Kokila or Indian cuckoo. 6 A crow. 7 A fruit, Karonda or Karinda, ( Carissa carondas.) 8 The dark half of the lunar month from full to new moon. n. ( - ष्णं (-ṣṇaṃ) ) 1 Black pepper. 2 Iron. 3 Blue vitriol. 4 Black agallochum. f. ( - ष्णा (-ṣṇā) ) 1 A name of DRAUPADĪ wife of the PĀṆḌAVAS. 2 The indigo plant. 3 Long pepper. 4 A grape. 5 A drug, commonly Kakoli. 6 Kalonji, ( Nigella Indica :) see कृष (kṛṣa) ्ण (kṛṣṇa) जीरक (kṛṣṇajīraka). 7 Black mustard, (the name is applied to other vegetable substances of a dark colour.) 8 The Kṛṣṇā river in the Dekhin. 9 A black leech, considered poisonous. E. कृष (kṛṣa) to attract, as the minds of men, &c. नक् (nak) Uṇādi affix; (this is applied to KṚṢṆA, &c.) else, कृष (kṛṣa) to tinge, affix the same; again कृष (kṛṣa) ्ण (kṛṣṇa) black, &c. and अच् (ac) affix, fem. affix टाप् (ṭāp). [ ID=11473 ]
- 1. Black. 2. Krishna, a crow, a cuckoo, or the dark half of the moon. 3. Draupadi, indigo, a grape, or a medicinal drug. 4. Black pepper or iron.  
  *Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) [Printed book page 209-b ] कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) ( ष्णः - ष्णा (ṣṇā)- ष्णं ) ((ṣṇaḥ-ṣṇā-ṣṇaṃ)) a. Black. 1. m. Krishna; a crow; a cuckoo; dark half of the moon. f. ( ष्णा (ṣṇā) ) Draupadi; indigo; a grape; a drug. n. Black pepper; iron. [ ID=10923 ]
- 1. Black, dark, or dark-blue. 2. Wicked or evil.  
  *Vaidya Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) [Printed book page 206-08 ] कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) (I) a. (f. ष्णा (ṣṇā) ) 1. Black, dark, dark-blue; 2. wicked, evil. [ ID=10260 ]
- 1. The black colour. 2. The black antelope. 3. A crow. 4. The Indian cuckoo. 5. The dark half of a lunar month. 6. The Kali age. 7. Vishnu in his eighth incarnation as the son of Vasudeva and Devaki. 8. An epithet of Vyasa. 9. An epithet of Arjuna. 10. Aloewood.  
  *Vaidya Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) (II) m. 1. The black colour; 2. the black antelope; 3. a crow; 4. the Indian cuckoo; 5. the dark half of a lunar month, from full to new moon; 6. the Kali age; 7. Vishṇu in his eighth incarnation as the son of Vasudeva and Devaki, e.g. बहिरिव मलिनतरं तव कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) मनोऽपि भविष्यति नूनम् (bahiriva malinataraṃ tava kṛṣṇa mano'pi bhaviṣyati nūnam) Git.G. viii.; 8. an epithet of Vyāsa, the reputed author of the Mahābhārata; 9. an epithet of Arjuna; 10. aloewood. [ ID=10261 ]
- 1. Blackness or darkness. 2. Iron. 3. Antimony. 4. The pupil of the eye. 5. Black pepper.  
  *Vaidya Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) (III) n. 1. Blackness, darkness (physical and moral); 2. iron; 3. antimony; 4. the black part of the eye; 5. black pepper. [ ID=10262 ]
- 1. Black or dark blue. 2. The deity Krishna, considered the supreme form of Vishnu. 3. The sage Vyasa. 4. A name of Arjuna. 5. The Indian cuckoo. 6. A crow. 7. The karonda fruit. 8. The dark half of the lunar month. 9. Black pepper. 10. Iron. 11. Blue vitriol. 12. Black agallochum. 13. Draupadi, wife of the Pandavas. 14. The indigo plant. 15. Long pepper. 16. A grape. 17. The kakoli drug. 18. Kalonji. 19. Black mustard. 20. The Krishna river. 21. A poisonous black leech.  
  *Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > कृष् (kṛṣ) ण (kṛṣṇa) [Printed book page 201-b ] कृष् (kṛṣ) ण (kṛṣṇa) mfn. ( - ष्णः (-ṣṇaḥ)- ष्णा (-ṣṇā)- ष्णं (-ṣṇaṃ) (-ṣṇaḥ-ṣṇā-ṣṇaṃ) ) Black or dark blue. m. ( - ष्णः (-ṣṇaḥ) ) 1. Black, the colour, or dark blue, which is often confounded with it by the Hindus. 2. KṚṢṆA, the most celebrated form of VISHNU, or rather VISHNU himself; he is distinct from the ten Avatars or incarnations, being identified with the deity. 3. VYASA, a sage, the compiler of the Vedas. 4. A name of ARJUNA. 5. The Kokila or Indian cuckoo 6. A crow. 7. A fruit, Karonda or Karinda, (Carissa carondas.) 8. The dark half of the lunar month from full to new moon. n. ( - ष्णं (-ṣṇaṃ) ) 1. Black pepper. 2. Iron. 3. Blue vitriol. 4. Black agallochum. f. ( - ष्णा (-ṣṇā) ) 1. name of DRAUPADI wife of the PANDAVAS. 2. The indigo plant 3. Long pepper. 4. A grape. 5. A drug, commonly Kakoli. 6. Kalonji, (Nigella Indica:) see कृष् (kṛṣ) ण (kṛṣṇa) जीरक (kṛṣṇajīraka). 7. Black mustard, (the name is applied to other vegetable substances of a dark colour.) 8. The Krishna river in the Deccan. 9. A black leech, considered poisonous. E. कृष् (kṛṣ) to attract. as the minds of men, &c नक् (nak) Unadi affix; (this is applied to KṚṢṆA, &c.) else, कृष् (kṛṣ) to tinge, affix the same; again कृष् (kṛṣ) ण (kṛṣṇa) black, &c. and अच् (ac) affix, fem. affix टाप (ṭāpa). [ ID=11467 ]
- 1. Black or dark blue. 2. The dark half of a month from full moon to new moon. 3. The celebrated incarnation of Vishnu. 4. The black antelope. 5. A name of Durga. 6. The name of several plants.  
  *Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) [Printed book page 0214-b ] कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) kṛṣṇa, i. e. kṛṣ + na (the origin of the signification is dubious). I. adj., f. ṇā. 1. Black, or dark blue, Rām. 3, 55, 5. 2. With or without Page0215-a+ 41 pakṣa, m. The dark half of a month, from the full moon to that of the new moon, Man. 1, 66; 6, 20. II. m. 1. Kṛṣṇa, The most celebrated incar- nation of Viṣṇu, MBh. 14, 1589. 2. The black antelope, Bhāg. P. 3, 10, 20. III. f. ṇā. 1. A name of Durgā, MBh. 4, 184. 2. The name of several plants, Suśr. 1, 162, 16. — Comp. Ati-, adj. very black, Pañc. 104, 15. [ ID=3747 ]
- 1. Black or dark. 2. The dark half of the month or the black antelope. 3. An ancient hero and god identified with Vishnu. 4. A black leech, several plants, or an epithet of Durga and Draupadi. 5. Night. 6. Blackness or darkness.  
  *Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) [Printed book page 132 ] कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) a. black, dark. —m. (± पक्ष (pakṣa) ) the dark half month, the black antelope (mostly कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) ); N. of an ancient hero and teacher, later as the god Kṛṣṇa identified with Viṣṇu; du. कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) ौ (kṛṣṇau) = Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna. f. कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) ा (kṛṣṇā) a. black kind of leech. N. of sev. plants, E. of Durgā and Draupadī; f. कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) ी (kṛṣṇī) night. n. blackness, darkness. [ ID=8384 ]
- black, dark  
  *Lanman's Sanskrit Reader Vocabulary*
  > कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) [Printed book page 144-b ] kṛṣṇá, a. black, dark; w. pakṣa, the dark half of the lunar month, from full to new moon; as m., sc. pakṣa, the dark lunar fortnight. [ ID=1201 ]
- Black, dark, dark-blue, wicked, evil  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1872)*
  > कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) [Printed book page 0250-b ] कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) 1. kṛṣṇa, as, ā, am (said to be fr. rt. kṛṣ ), black, dark, dark-blue (opposed to śveta, śukla, rohita, and aruṇa ); wicked, evil; ( as ), m. black, the colour, or dark-blue, which is often con- founded with black by the Hindūs; the black ante- lope; a kind of beast of prey (described in the Veda as feeding on carrion and dead corpses); a crow; the Indian cuckoo or Kokila; the plant Carissa Carandas; the dark half of the lunar month from full to new moon [cf. kṛṣṇa-pakṣa below]; the fourth or Kali-yuga; N. of one of the poets of the Ṛg-veda descended from Aṅgiras; N. of a celebrated Avatār of the god Viṣṇu, or sometimes identified with Viṣṇu himself, as distinct from his ten Avatārs or incarnations. (In the earlier legends he ap- pears as a great hero and teacher; in the more recent he is deified, and is often represented as a young and amorous shepherd with flowing hair and a flute in his hand. The following are a few particulars of his birth and history as related in the Purāṇas &c.: Vasu-deva, who was a descendant of Yadu and Yayāti, had two wives, Rohiṇī and Devakī. The latter had eight sons, of whom the eighth was Kṛṣṇa. Kaṃsa, king of Mathurā and cousin of Devakī, was informed by a prediction that one of these sons would kill him. He therefore kept Vasu- deva and his wife in confinement, and slew their first six children. The seventh was Bala-rāma, who was saved by being abstracted from the womb of Devakī and transferred to that of Rohiṇī. The eighth was Kṛṣṇa, who was born with black skin and a peculiar mark on his breast. His father Vasu-deva managed to escape from Mathurā with the child, and favoured by the gods found a herdsman named Nanda, whose wife Yaśodā had just been delivered of a son, which Vasu-deva conveyed to Devakī, after substituting his own in its place. Nanda with his wife Yaśodā took the infant Kṛṣṇa and settled first in Gokula or Vraja, and afterwards in Vṛndāvana, where Kṛṣṇa and Bala-rāma grew up together, roaming in the woods and joining in the sports of the herdsmen's sons. Kṛṣṇa as a youth contested the sovereignty of Indra, and was victorious over that god, who descended from heaven to praise Kṛṣṇa, and made him lord over the cattle. Kṛṣṇa is described as sporting constantly with the Gopīs or shepherdesses, of whom a thousand became his wives, though only eight are specified, Rādhā being the favourite. Kṛṣṇa built and fortified a city called Dvāraka in Gujarāt, and thither transported the inhabitants of Mathurā after killing Kaṃsa. Kṛṣṇa had various wives be- sides the Gopīs, and by Rukmiṇī had a son Pra- dyumna, who is usually identified with Kāma-deva; with Jainas, Kṛṣṇa is one of the nine black Vasu-devas; with Buddhists he is the chief of the black demons, who are the enemies of Buddha and the white demons); N. of a king of the Nāgas; N. of an Asura or demon; N. of Arjuna, the most renowned of the Pāṇḍu princes (so named apparently from his colour as a child, see Mahā-bh. Virāṭa-parva 1389; the dual kṛṣṇau = Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna); N. of Vyāsa; of Kṛṣṇa Hārīta; of a son of Śuka by Pīvarī, a teacher of the Yoga; N. of a pupil of Bharadvāja; of Dāśārha; of a son of Havirdhāna; of a son of Arjuna; of an adopted son of Asamañjas; of a chief of the Andhras; N. of the author of a com- mentary on the Mahā-bhārata; N. of a poet; N. of the author of a commentary on the Dāya-bhāga; N. of the son of Keśavārka and grandson of Jayāditya; N. of the father of Tānabhaṭṭa and uncle of Raṅganātha; N. of the father of Dāmodara and uncle of Malhaṇa; N. of the father of Prabhūjīka and uncle of Vidyādhara; N. of the father of Madana; N. of the grammarian Rāma-candra; N. of the son of Vāruṇendra and father of Lakṣmaṇa; N. of the father of Hīrabhaṭṭa, author of the commentary called Caraka-bhāṣya, and of the work Sāhitya-sudhāsamudra; N. of a hell; ( ā ), f. a kind of poisonous insect; several plants, as Piper Longum, the Indigo plant; a grape; a kind of perfume [cf. parpaṭī ]; an epithet of Draupadī; Page0250-c+ 81 an epithet of Durgā; N. of one of the seven tongues of fire; N. of the river Kistna; ( ī ), f. night; ( am ), n. blackness, darkness; the black part of the eye; a kind of demon or spirit of darkness; black pepper; black Agallochum; iron; lead; antimony; blue vitriol; [cf. kārṣṇa, &c. cf. also Russ. cernyi, ‘black.’] —Kṛṣṇa-kanda, am, n. the red lotus, Nymphæa Rubra. —Kṛṣṇa-karkaṭaka, as, m. a kind of black crab. —Kṛṣṇa-karṇa, as, ā, am, Ved. black- eared. —Kṛṣṇakarṇāmṛta (°ṇa-am°), am, n., N. of a poem by Vilva-maṅgala. —Kṛṣṇa-karman, a, n. making black; a peculiar manner of cauterising; ( ā, ā, a ), criminal, guilty. —Kṛṣṇa-kāka, as, m. a raven. —Kṛṣṇa-kāpotī, f. a kind of plant; [cf. śveta-kāpotī, kṛṣṇa-sarpā. ] —Kṛṣṇa-kāṣṭha, am, n. a black variety of Agallochum. —Kṛṣṇa- keli, is, m. a plant, Mirabilis Jalapa. —Kṛṣṇa- kohala, as, m. a gamester, a gambler. —Kṛṣṇa- krīḍita, am, n., N. of a poem by Keśavārka cele- brating the god Kṛṣṇa. —Kṛṣṇa-khaṇḍa, title of the fourth book of the Brahmavaivarta-purāṇa. —Kṛṣṇa-gaṅgā, f., N. of a river, = kṛṣṇā, kṛṣṇa-samudbhavā, kṛṣṇaveṇyā. —Kṛṣṇa- gati, is, m. fire (‘whose way is black’); [cf. kṛṣṇa- yāma, kṛṣṇa-vartani, &c.] —Kṛṣṇa-gandhā, f. the tree Hyperanthera Moringa. —Kṛṣṇa-gar- bha, as, ā, am, Ved. (clouds) having black cavities; ( ās ), f. pl. = according to Sāy. the pregnant wives of the Asura Kṛṣṇa, but according to others = the waters contained in the black cavities of the clouds; ( as ), m., N. of a plant, = kaṭphala. —Kṛṣṇa- giri, is, m., N. of a mountain; [cf. kṛṣṇācala. ] —Kṛṣṇa-godhā, f. a kind of poisonous insect. —Kṛṣṇa-grīva, as, ā, am, Ved. black-necked. —Kṛṣṇa-cañcuka, as, m. a kind of pea; [cf. caṇa- ka. ] —Kṛṣṇa-caturdaśī, f. the fourteenth day in the dark half of the month. —Kṛṣṇa-canda, as, m., N. of a copyist who lived about A. D. 1730, a son of Rāma-candra. —Kṛṣṇa-candra, as, m., N. of a prince of the eighteenth century. —Kṛṣṇacandra- devaśarman, ā, m., N. of a logician who lived about A. D. 1736. —Kṛṣṇa-cara, as, ā, am, what formerly or in a former existence belonged to Kṛṣṇa. —Kṛṣṇa-cūḍā, f. the plant Cæsalpinia Pulcherrima. —Kṛṣṇa-cūḍikā, f. the plant Abrus Precatorius. —Kṛṣṇa-cūrṇa, am, n. rust of iron, iron filings. —Kṛṣṇa-cchavi, is, m. fire? [cf. kṛṣṇārcis. ] —Kṛṣṇa-jaṃhas, ās, ās, as, Ved. black-winged; (Sāy.) having a black path. —Kṛṣṇa- jaṭā, f. a plant, Indian spikenard; [cf. jaṭāmāṃsī. ] —Kṛṣṇa-janma-khaṇḍa, N. of a part of the Brah- mavaivarta-purāṇa. —Kṛṣṇa-janmāṣṭamī (°ma- aṣ°), f. the eighth day of the second half of the month Śrāvaṇa, the birthday of Kṛṣṇa. —Kṛṣṇa-jī, īs, m., N. of a man. —Kṛṣṇa-jīraka, as, m. Kaloñji, a plant having a small black seed, which is used for medical and culinary purposes, Nigella Indica. —Kṛ- ṣṇa-taṇḍulā, f. a plant [cf. karṇa-sphoṭā ], Piper Longum. —Kṛṣṇa-tarkālaṅkāra (°ka-al°), as, m., N. of a scholiast. —Kṛṣṇa-tā, f. or kṛṣṇa-tva, am, n. blackness. —Kṛṣṇa-tāmra, am, n. a kind of sandal-wood. —Kṛṣṇa-tāra, as, m. a deer, an antelope (‘black-eyed’). —Kṛṣṇa-tila, as, m. black sesamum. —Kṛṣṇa-tīrtha, as, m., N. of a teacher of Rāma-tīrtha. —Kṛṣṇa-tuṇḍa, as, m. a kind of poisonous insect. —Kṛṣṇa-trivṛtā, f., N. of a plant, a kind of Ipomœa, black Teöri. —Kṛṣṇa-datta, as, m., N. of the author of a work on music. —Kṛṣṇa-danta, as, ā, am, hav- ing black teeth; ( ā ), f. the tree Gmelina Arborea. —Kṛṣṇa-darśana, as, m., N. of a pupil of Śaṅkarācārya. —Kṛṣṇa-daśana, as, ā, am, hav- ing black or discoloured teeth. —Kṛṣṇa-dāsa, as, m., N. of the author of the poem Camatkāra-candrikā; N. of the author of the work Caitanya-caritāmṛta; N. of the author of the poem Preta-tattva-nirūpaṇa; N. of a son of Harṣa, author of the Vimalanātha- purāṇa. —Kṛṣṇa-deva, as, m., N. of a son of Nārāyaṇa, author of the Prayoga-sāra; N. of a copy- ist, son of Paṇḍyāpuruṣottama-deva. —Kṛṣṇa- deha, as, ā, am, black-bodied; ( as ), m. a large Page0251-a+ 81 black bee. —Kṛṣṇa-daivajña, as, m., N. of a man. —Kṛṣṇa-dvaipāyana, as, m., a N. of Vyāsa, considered as the compiler of the Vedas and Purāṇas, (so named because of his dark complexion and be- cause he was brought forth by Satyavatī on a dvīpa or island in the Ganges.) —Kṛṣṇa-dhattūra or kṛṣṇa-dhattūraka, as, m. a dark species of Datura or thorn-apple, Datura Fastuosa. —Kṛṣṇa- nagara, am, n., N. of a small district called after a town situated in it. —Kṛṣṇa-pakṣa, as, m. the dark half of the month, the fifteen days during which the moon is on the wane, the time from full moon to new moon; one who stands on the side of Kṛṣṇa, an epithet of Arjuna. —Kṛṣṇa-pakṣika, as, m., N. of a king of the Nāgas. —Kṛṣṇa- pakṣīya, as, ā, am, pertaining to the wane of the moon. —Kṛṣṇa-paṇḍita, as, m., N. of the author of the Prabodha-candrodaya; also of a scholiast on the Prakriyā-kaumudī. —Kṛṣṇa-padī, f. a female with black feet. —Kṛṣṇa-parṇī, f., N. of a plant, a kind of Ocimum; [cf. kāla-tulasī. ] —Kṛṣṇa- pavi, is, is, i, Ved. having black fellies, an epithet of Agni. —Kṛṣṇa-pāka or kṛṣṇa-pāka-phala, as, m. a tree bearing a small fruit, which, when ripe, is of a black colour, commonly Karinda or Karonda, Carissa Carandas; also called kṛṣṇa-phala, pāka- phala, pākakṛṣṇa-phala, &c. —Kṛṣṇa-pāṇ- ḍura, as, ā, am, greyish white. —Kṛṣṇa-piṅgala, as, ā, am, dark-brown in colour; ( as ), m., N. of a man; ( ās ), m. pl. the descendants of this man; ( ā ), f. an epithet of the goddess Durgā. —Kṛṣṇa- piṇḍītaka, as, m. a dark kind of Māyana, Vangueria Spinosa [cf. varāha ]; also called kṛṣṇa-piṇḍīra. —Kṛṣṇa-pippīlī, f. a kind of black ant. —Kṛṣṇa- pilla, as, m., N. of a poet. —Kṛṣṇapuruṣotta- mopaniṣad (°ma-up°), t, f. title of an Upaniṣad belonging to the Atharva-veda. —Kṛṣṇa-puṣpa, as, m. a black kind of Datura or thorn-apple; ( ī ), f., N. of a plant [cf. priyaṅgu ]. —Kṛṣṇa-prut, t, t, t, Ved. moving in darkness; (Sāy.) taking or imparting a black colour. —Kṛṣṇa-phala, as, m. a fruit tree, the Karinda [cf. kṛṣṇa-pāka ]; ( ā ), f. the plant Vernonia Anthelmintica. —Kṛṣṇa- phala-pāka, as, m. = kṛṣṇa-pāka. —Kṛṣṇa- balakṣa, as, ā, am, black and white. —Kṛṣṇa- bhakti-candrikā, f. title of a play. —Kṛṣṇa- bhaṭṭa, as, m., N. of a grammarian; N. of a poet. —Kṛṣṇa-bhūma, as, ā, am, having a black soil, furnished with black earth. —Kṛṣṇa-bhūmi, is, f. a country with a dark soil, or black mould, blue clay, &c. —Kṛṣṇabhūmi-jā, f. a species of grass, de- scribed as a nourishing food for cattle (growing in a black soil). —Kṛṣṇa-bhedī or ā, f. a medicinal plant, = kaṭu-rohiṇī. —Kṛṣṇa-bhogin, ī, m. a black kind of snake. —Kṛṣṇa-maṇḍala, am, n. the black part of the eye. —Kṛṣṇa-matsya, as, m. ‘black-fish,’ N. of a fish. —Kṛṣṇa-mallikā, f. or kṛṣṇa-māluka, as, m. a plant, = mālūka, kṛṣṇārjaka. —Kṛṣṇa-mitra, as, m., N. of the son of Rāma-sevaka, grandson of Devīdatta, author of the Mañjūṣākuñcikā. —Kṛṣṇa-miśra, as, m. the author of the Prabodha-candrodaya. —Kṛṣṇa- mukha, as, ī, am, having a black mouth, having black nipples; ( as ), m., N. of an Asura; N. of a sect. —Kṛṣṇa-mudga, as, m. a sort of pulse, Phaseolus, (vāsanta, mādhava, surāṣṭraja.) —Kṛṣṇa-mūlī, f. a plant, = śārivā-viśeṣa. —Kṛṣṇa-mṛga, as, m. the black antelope. —Kṛṣṇa-mṛttika, as, ā, am, having black soil; ( ā ), f., N. of a Grāma. —Kṛṣṇa-mṛd, t, f. black soil; a country with soil of a dark colour. —Kṛṣṇa-yajurveda, as, m. the Black Yajur- veda. —Kṛṣṇa-yajurvedīya, as, ā, am, be- longing to the Black Yajur-veda. —Kṛṣṇa- yāma, as, ā, am, Ved. having a black path; an epithet of Agni. —Kṛṣṇa-yoni, is, is, i, Ved. = kṛṣṇa-garbha, q. v. —Kṛṣṇa-rakta. as, ā, am, of a dark-red colour. —Kṛṣṇa- ruhā, f. a plant, = jatukā. —Kṛṣṇa-rūpya, as, ā, am, = kṛṣṇa-cara, q. v. —Kṛṣṇa-lavaṇa, am, n. a kind of black salt; a factitious salt, either Page0251-b+ 81 that prepared by evaporation from saline soil, or the medicinal kind, called Bit Loben or Bit Noben, a muriate of soda with a portion of sulphur and iron. —Kṛṣṇa-līlā-taraṅgiṇī, f. title of a poem by Nārāyaṇa-tīrtha. —Kṛṣṇa-loha, am, n. the load- stone. —Kṛṣṇa-lohita, as, ā, am, dark-red, of a purple colour. —Kṛṣṇa-vaktra, as, m. the black- faced monkey. —Kṛṣṇa-varṇa, as, ā, am, of a black colour, black or dark-blue; ( am ), n. the colour black. —Kṛṣṇa-vartani, is, is, i, Ved. having a black path, epithet of Agni. —Kṛṣṇa-vartman, ā, m. fire (‘whose way is black’); the marking nut plant, Plumbago Zeylanica; an epithet of Rāhu or the personified ascending node; a man of evil con- duct, a low man, an outcast, a profligate, a black- guard. —Kṛṣṇa-varvaraka, as, m., N. of a plant, Varvara. —Kṛṣṇa-vallikā, f., N. of a plant, = jatukā. —Kṛṣṇa-vallī, f. a plant, a dark kind of Basil, Ocymum Pilosum; a kind of Śārivā. —Kṛṣṇa-vānara, as, m. a black kind of monkey. —Kṛṣṇa-vinnā, f., N. of a river. —Kṛṣṇa- viṣāṇā, f., Ved. the horns of the black antelope, whose inner sides are covered with dark hair. —Kṛṣṇa-vīja, as, m. a red variety of the Mo- ringa plant, Rakta-śigru; ( am ), n. a water melon. —Kṛṣṇa-vṛntā, f. the trumpet flower, Bignonia Suaveolens; a leguminous plant, Glycine Debilis. —Kṛṣṇa-vṛntikā, f. the tree Gmelina Arborea; see gambhīrā. —Kṛṣṇa-veṇā or ī, f., N. of a river. —Kṛṣṇa-vyathis, is, is, is, Ved. whose path is black (?), an epithet of Agni. —Kṛṣṇa-vrīhi, is, m. a black sort of rice. —Kṛṣṇa-śakuni, is, m. a crow. —Kṛṣṇa-śarman, ā, m., N. of an author. —Kṛṣṇa-śāra, as, m. = kṛṣṇa-sāra, the spotted antelope. —Kṛṣṇa-śāli, is, m. a sort of rice of a dark colour. —Kṛṣṇa-śigru, us, m. a kind of Moringa; [cf. śobhāñjana. ] —Kṛṣṇa- śimbikā, f., N. of a plant, = kākāṇḍī, = mahā- jyotiṣmatī. —Kṛṣṇa-śimbī, f. a sort of bean, Dolichus Virosus. —Kṛṣṇa-śṛṅga, as, m. a buffalo with black horns. —Kṛṣṇa-śrita or kṛṣ- ṇaṃ-śrita, as, ā, am, worshipping or devoted to Kṛṣṇa. —Kṛṣṇa-sakha, as, m. a friend or fol- lower of Kṛṣṇa, especially an epithet of Arjuna; ( ī ), f. cummin seed. —Kṛṣṇa-samudbhavā, f., N. of a river, = kṛṣṇā, kṛṣṇa-gaṅgā, kṛṣṇa- veṇyā. —Kṛṣṇa-saras, as, n., N. of a lake. —Kṛṣṇa-sarpa, as, m. a very poisonous snake, Cobra de Capello, Colubra Naga; ( ā ), f. a plant, = kṛṣṇa-kāpotī. —Kṛṣṇa-sarṣapa, as, m. black mustard. —Kṛṣṇa-sāra, as, ā, am, spotted black; ( as ), m. with and without mṛga, the spotted ante- lope; several plants, a kind of Euphorbia; the plant Dalbergia Sisoo; another plant, Acacia Catechu; ( ā ), f. a kind of Euphorbia; the plant Dalbergia Sisoo. —Kṛṣṇa-sāraṅga, as, ā, am, spotted black; ( as ), m. the spotted antelope. —Kṛṣṇa- sārathi, is, m. having Kṛṣṇa for a charioteer, an epithet of Arjuna; the tree Terminalia Arjuna. —Kṛṣṇa-sārvabhauma, as, m., N. of a poet. —Kṛṣṇa-siṃha, as, m., N. of the author of the work Trepanakriya-kathā. —Kṛṣṇa-sīta, as, ā, am, Ved. drawing black furrows; (Sāy) having a black path (as an epithet of fire). —Kṛṣṇa-sundara, as, m., N. of a man; ( ās ), m. pl. the descendants of this man. —Kṛṣṇa-skandha, as, m. a tree which bears black blossoms, the Tamāla tree; [cf. kāla-skandha. ] —Kṛṣṇa-svasṛ, sā, f. the sister of Kṛṣṇa, an epithet of Durgā. —Kṛṣṇāgata (°ṇa-āg°), as, ā, am, devoted to Kṛṣṇa. —Kṛṣṇāguru (°ṇa- ag°), u, n. a black variety of Agallochum or Aloe wood. —Kṛṣṇācala (°ṇa-ac°), as, m. an epi- thet of the mountain Raivata, part of the western portion of the Vindhya chain; it is also one of the nine principal mountains that separate the nine di- visions or Varṣas of the known world. —Kṛṣṇā- jina (°ṇa-aj°), am, n., Ved. the skin of the black antelope; ( as ), m., N. of a man (‘covered with the skin of a black antelope’); ( ās ), m. pl. the descend- ants of this man. —Kṛṣṇājinin, ī, inī, i, covered with the skin of a black antelope. —Kṛṣṇāñjanī, Page0251-c+ 77 f., N. of a plant, = kālāñjanī. —Kṛṣṇāñji (°ṇa- añ°), is, is, i, Ved. having black marks. —Kṛṣṇā- treya (°ṇa-āt°), as, m., N. of a Muni. —Kṛṣṇā- dhvan (°ṇa-adh°), ā, ā, a, Ved. having a black path (an epithet of Agni). —Kṛṣṇā-nadī, f., N. of a river, probably the Kistna in the Dekhan. —Kṛṣṇānanda (°ṇa-ān°), as, m., N. of a scholiast; N. of the author of the Tantra-sāra. —Kṛṣṇābhā (°ṇa-ābhā), f., N. of a plant, = kālāñjanī. —Kṛṣṇāmiṣa (°ṇa-ām°), am, n. iron; (probably only a various reading for kṛṣṇā- yasa. ) —Kṛṣṇāyas, as, or kṛṣṇāyasa (°ṇa-ay°), am, n. iron, crude or black iron. —Kṛṣṇārcis (°ṇa-ar°), is, m. fire; [cf. kṛṣṇa-cchavi. ] —Kṛṣ- ṇārjaka (°ṇa-ar°), as, m. a black species of Basil, Ocimum Sanctum. —Kṛṣṇālaṅkāra (°ṇa-al°), as, m. title of a commentary. —Kṛṣṇālu (°ṇa-ālu), us, m. a kind of ebony. —Kṛṣṇāvatāra (°ṇa- av°), as, m. an Avatār of Kṛṣṇa. —Kṛṣṇā- vadāta, as, ā, am, black and white. —Kṛṣṇā- vāsa (°ṇa-āv°), as, m. the holy fig tree, Ficus Religiosa, (the abode of Kṛṣṇa.) —Kṛṣṇāśrita (°ṇa-āś°), as, ā, am, devoted to or the votary of Kṛṣṇa. —Kṛṣṇekṣu (°ṇa-ik°), us, m. a sort of sugar-cane. —Kṛṣṇaita (°ṇa-eta), as, ā, am, Ved. spotted black. —Kṛṣṇodara (°ṇa-ud°), as, m. a kind of snake. —Kṛṣṇodumbarikā (°ṇa-ud°), f. Ficus Oppositifolia; [cf. kākodumbara. ] —Kṛṣṇo- paniṣad (°ṇa-up°), t, f. title of an Upaniṣad in praise of the god Kṛṣṇa, being a part of the Gopālo- paniṣad. —Kṛṣṇoraga (°ṇa-ur°), as, m. a kind of black snake. —Kṛṣṇo 'syākhareṣṭhaka, as, ā, am, containing the words kṛṣṇo'syākhareṣṭhaḥ (as an Adhyāya or Anuvāka). [ ID=15698 ]

### Animals and Animal Products (14 definitions)
- the antelope  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > the antelope, Ṛg-veda (Title) x, 94, 5; VS.; TS.; ŚBr.; BhP. [ ID=55147 ]
- a kind of animal feeding on carrion  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > a kind of animal feeding on carrion, Atharva-veda (Title) xi, 2, 2 ( कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) ) [ ID=55148 ]
- the Indian cuckoo  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > the Indian cuckoo or Kokila ( cf. Rāmāyaṇa (Title) ii, 52, 2 ), L. [ ID=55149 ]
- a crow  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > a crow, L. [ ID=55150 ]
- a kind of leech  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > कृष्णा (kṛṣṇā) ( आ (ā) ), f. a kind of leech, Suśr. [ ID=55181 ]
- a kind of venomous insect  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > a kind of venomous insect, ib. [ ID=55182 ]
- The black antelope  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णः (ṣṇaḥ) 2 The black antelope
- A crow  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णः (ṣṇaḥ) 3 A crow
- The Indian cuckoo  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णः (ṣṇaḥ) 4 The (Indian) cuckoo
- A kind of poisonous insect.  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णा (ṣṇā) 3 A kind of poisonous insect
- data missing or incomplete  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — शारः, - सारः (śāraḥ, -sāraḥ)
- the spotted antelope  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — सारंगः (sāraṃgaḥ) the spotted antelope; कृष्णसारे ददच्चक्षुस्त्वयि चाधिज्यकार्मुके (kṛṣṇasāre dadaccakṣustvayi cādhijyakārmuke) Śakuntalā (Bombay) 1. 6, Vikramorvaśīyam (Bombay) 4. 31
- the black antelope  
  *Lanman's Sanskrit Reader Vocabulary*
  > kṛ́ṣṇa, m. the black antelope. [ ID=1202 ]
- 1. A dark-coloured animal or bird. 2. An antelope. 3. A bird of prey.  
  *The Vedic Index of Names and Subjects*
  > कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) [Printed book page 1-183 ] 1. Kṛṣṇa (‘black’) denotes a dark-coloured animal or bird. In some passages, 1 as the context shows, an antelope is certainly Page1-184+ 51 meant. In a few others 2 a bird of prey seems indicated. See also Kṛṣṇājina. [ Footnote: 1) Taittirīya Saṃhitā, v. 2, 6, 5; vi. 1, 3, 1; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, i. 1, 4, 1; iii. 2, 1, 28. So kṛṣṇa-viṣāṇā, ‘horn of the black antelope,’ ibid., iii. 2, 1, 18, 28; 2, 20; iv. 4, 5, 2; v. 4, 2, 5; Taittirīya Saṃhitā, vi. 1, 3, 7. See also the Aśvamedha passages, Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā, iii. 14, 17; Vāja- saneyi Saṃhitā, xxiv. 36 ( cf. ii. 1).] [ Footnote: 2) Rv. x. 94, 5; Av. xi. 2, 2; Śāṅkhāyana Āraṇyaka, xii. 27.] [ ID=699 ]

### Metals, Minerals, and Substances (13 definitions)
- a kind of perfume  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > a kind of perfume (= पर्पटी (parpaṭī) ), Bhpr. [ ID=55184 ]
- iron  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > iron, L. [ ID=55198 ]
- lead  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > lead, L. [ ID=55199 ]
- antimony  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > antimony, L. [ ID=55200 ]
- blue vitriol  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > blue vitriol, L. [ ID=55201 ]
- Iron  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णः (ṣṇaḥ) 13 Iron
- A kind of perfume  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णा (ṣṇā) 6 A kind of perfume
- Iron  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णं (ṣṇaṃ) 2 Iron
- Antimony  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णं (ṣṇaṃ) 3 Antimony
- Lead  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णं (ṣṇaṃ) 6 Lead
- iron  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — अयस् (ayas) n
- iron  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — अयसं (ayasaṃ)
- iron, crude or black iron  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — आमिषं (āmiṣaṃ) iron, crude or black iron

### Plants and Plant Products (9 definitions)
- Carissa carandas  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > Carissa Carandas, L. [ ID=55151 ]
- The name of several plants including long pepper, the indigo plant, grapes, and Gmelina arborea.  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > N. of several plants ( Piper longum, L.; the Indigo plant, L.; a grape, L.; a Punar-navā with dark blossoms, L.; Gmelina arborea, L.; Nigella indica, L.; Sinapis ramosa, L.; Vernonia anthelminthica, L.; = काकोली (kākolī), L.; a sort of Sārivā, L. ), Suśr. [ ID=55183 ]
- black pepper  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > black pepper, L. [ ID=55196 ]
- black Agallochum  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > black Agallochum, L. [ ID=55197 ]
- Aloe wood  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णः (ṣṇaḥ) 10 Aloe wood
- Black pepper.  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णः (ṣṇaḥ) 12 Black pepper
- Name of several plants  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णा (ṣṇā) 4 N. of several plants
- A grape  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णा (ṣṇā) 5 A grape
- cummin seed  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — खी (khī) ) cummin seed. [ ID=11443 ]

### Astronomical, Temporal, or Natural Phenomena (7 definitions)
- the dark half of the lunar month from full to new moon  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) ( अस् (as) ), m. (with or without पक्ष (pakṣa) ) the dark half of the lunar month from full to new moon, Mn.; Yājñ.; Bhag.; Suśr. [ ID=55144 ]
- the fourth or Kali-yuga  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > the fourth or Kali-yuga, L. [ ID=55145 ]
- night  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > (H1B) [Printed book page 306,3] कृष्णी (kṛṣṇī) a ( ई (ī) ), f. night, Ṛg-veda (Title) vii, 71, 1 [ ID=55191 ]
- the black spots in the moon  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > the black spots in the moon, Taittirīya-brāhmaṇa (Title) i, 2, 1, 2 [ ID=55194 ]
- The dark half of a lunar month  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णः (ṣṇaḥ) 5 The dark half of a lunar month (from full to new moon)
- The Kali age  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णः (ṣṇaḥ) 6 The Kali age
- A dark night.  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णी (ṣṇī) A dark night

### Geographical Locations (7 definitions)
- the name of a hell  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > N. of a hell, VP. [ ID=55178 ]
- The river Kistna  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > (with or without गङ्गा (gaṅgā) ) N. of the river Kistna, Mahābhārata (Title) xiii, 4888; PadmaP.; NārP. [ ID=55190 ]
- Name of a river in the Deccan that joins the sea at Masulipattam  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णा (ṣṇā) 2 N. of a river in the Deccan that joins the sea at Masulipattam
- the river Krishnaveni  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — गंगा (gaṃgā) the river कृष्णवेणी (kṛṣṇaveṇī)
- 1. A mountain of Ketumala. 2. A residence of Gandharvas.  
  *The Purana Index*
  > Kṛṣṇa (XIV) — (Mt.) a kulaparvata of the Ketumāla; residence of Gandharvas. Vā. 38. 49; 39. 59; 42. 52; 44. 4. [ ID=3520 ]
- A mountain west of the Shitoda lake.  
  *The Purana Index*
  > Kṛṣṇa (XV) — a Mt. to the west of the Śitoda lake. Vā. 36. 28; 38. 49. [ ID=3521 ]
- a hell  
  *The Purana Index*
  > [Printed book page 1-452 ] Kṛṣṇa (XVI) — a hell; illegal intercourse, trespass on others’ lands and living on magic are offences leading to this hell. Vi. II. 6. 3 and 25. [ ID=3522 ]

### Lord Krishna (Incarnation of Vishnu) (7 definitions)
- An avatar of the god Vishnu, or identified with Vishnu himself  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > N. of a celebrated Avatār of the god Viṣṇu, or sometimes identified with Viṣṇu himself [ Mahābhārata (Title) v, 2563; xiv, 1589 ff.; Harivaṃśa (Title) 2359 &c.] as distinct from his ten Avatārs or incarnations (in the earlier legends he appears as a great hero and teacher [ Mahābhārata (Title); Bhag. ]; in the more recent he is deified, and is often represented as a young and amorous shepherd with flowing hair and a flute in his hand; the following are a few particulars of his birth and history as related in Harivaṃśa (Title) 3304 ff. and in the Purāṇas &c.: Vasu-deva, who was a descendant of Yadu and Yayāti, had two wives, Rohiṇī and Devakī; the latter had eight sons of whom the eighth was Kṛṣṇa; Kaṃsa, king of Mathurā and cousin of Devakī, was informed by a prediction that one of these sons would kill him; he therefore kept Vasu-deva and his wife in confinement, and slew their first six children; the seventh was Balarāma who was saved by being abstracted from the womb of Devakī and transferred to that of Rohiṇī; the eighth was Kṛṣṇa who was born with black skin and a peculiar mark on his breast; his father Vasu-deva managed to escape from Mathurā with the child, and favoured by the gods found a herdsman named Nanda whose wife Yaśo-dā had just been delivered of a son which Vasu-deva conveyed to Devakī after substituting his own in its place. Nanda with his wife Yaśo-dā took the infant Kṛṣṇa and settled first in Gokula or Vraja, and afterwards in Vṛndāvana, where Kṛṣṇa and Bala-rāma grew up together, roaming in the woods and joining in the sports of the herdsmen's sons; Kṛṣṇa as a youth contested the sovereignty of Indra, and was victorious over that god, who descended from heaven to praise Kṛṣṇa, and made him lord over the cattle [ Harivaṃśa (Title) 3787 ff.; 7456 ff.; VP. ]; Kṛṣṇa is described as sporting constantly with the Gopīs or shepherdesses [ Harivaṃśa (Title) 4078 ff.; 8301 ff.; VP.; Gīt. ] of whom a thousand became his wives, though only eight are specified, Rādhā being the favourite [ Harivaṃśa (Title) 6694 ff.; 9177 ff.; VP. ]; Kṛṣṇa built and fortified a city called Dvārakā in Gujarāt, and thither transported the inhabitants of Mathurā after killing Kaṃsa; Kṛṣṇa had various wives besides the Gopīs, and by Rukmiṇī had a son Pradyumna who is usually identified with Kāma-deva; with Jains, Kṛṣṇa is one of the nine black Vasu-devas; with Buddhists he is the chief of the black demons, who are the enemies of Buddha and the white demons) [ ID=55154 ]
- to behave or act like Krishna  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > (H2) [Printed book page 308,1] 2. कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) Nom. P. ° ष्णति (°ṣṇati), to behave or act like Kṛṣṇa, Vopadeva (Author) xxi, 7. [ ID=55540 ]
- Vishnu in his eighth incarnation, born as the son of Vasudeva and Devaki  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णः (ṣṇaḥ) 7 Viṣṇu in his eighth incarnation, born as the son of Vasudeva and Devakī. [Kṛṣṇa is the most celebrated hero of Indian mythology and the most popular of all the deities. Though the real son of Vasudeva and Devakī and thus a cousin of Kaṃsa, he was, for all practical purposes, the son of Nanda and Yaśodā by whom he was brought up and in whose house he spent his childhood. It was here that his divine character began to be gradually discovered, when he easily crushed the most redoubtable demons, such as Baka, Pūtanā &c., that were sent to kill him by Kaṃsa, and performed many other feats of ( pb ) surprising strength. The chief companions of his youth were the Gopīs or wives of the cowherds of Gokula, among whom Rādhā was his special favourite; ( cf. Jayadeva's Gītagovinda ). He killed Kaṃsa, Naraka, Keśin, Ariṣṭa and a host of other powerful demons. He was a particular friend of Arjuna, to whom he acted as charioteer in the great war, and his staunch support of the cause of the Pāṇḍavas was the main cause of the overthrow of the Kauravas. On several critical occasions, it was Kṛṣṇa's assistance and inventive mind that stood the Pāṇḍavas in good stead. After the general destruction of the Yādavas at Prabhāsa, he was killed unintentionally by a hunter named Jaras who shot him with an arrow mistaking him at a distance for a deer. He had more than 16000 wives, but Rukmi ni and Satyabhāmā, (as also Rādhā) were his favourites. He is said to have been of dark-blue or cloud-like colour; cf. बहिरिव मलिनतरं तव कृष्ण मनोपि (bahiriva malinataraṃ tava kṛṣṇa manopi) भविष्यति नून (bhaviṣyati nūna) Gītagovinda 8. His son was Pradyumna]
- The Supreme Spirit  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णः (ṣṇaḥ) 11 The Supreme spirit
- 1. having a form or figure. 2. roaming about in various forms.  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — रूप्य (rūpya) = ° चर (°cara) q. v
- to behave or act like Krishna  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1872)*
  > [Printed book page 0251-c ] 2. kṛṣṇa, nom. P. kṛṣṇati, to behave or act like Kṛṣṇa. [ ID=15699 ]
- The twenty-third avatar of Hari, the supreme Brahman, and the Lord and goal of the Andhakas, Vrishnis, and Satvatas.  
  *The Purana Index*
  > कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) [Printed book page 1-435 ] Kṛṣṇa (I) — twenty-three avatār of Hari; according to one version, the twentieth avatār. Went to Dvārakā, bowed to his parents and entered the palace. 1 His boyhood sports — sucked Ulūkika's life, kicked Śakaṭa to pieces and uprooted two Arjuna trees; brought solace to the Gopas of Vraja by expelling the serpent Kāliya from the pool near by and protected their cattle from forest fire. In his mouth Yaśodā saw the fourteen worlds. Rescued Nanda from fear of Varuṇa's noose and recovered the Gopas imprisoned by Vyoma Asura. Shielded the Gokulam from rains by holding up Govardhana Mt. as an umbrella; cut off the head of Kubera's attendant who tried to seize the Gopis engaged in Rāsakṛīḍā with Kṛṣṇa. Vanquished several daityas and their wicked kings; manifested Himself through Satyavatī and divided the Vedas into many branches; 2 Lord and goal of Andhakas, Vṛṣṇis, Sātvatas, etc. Supreme Brahman. 3 Page1-436+ 43 Just on the eve of the avatār, Brahmā and other gods pray to him in the womb of Devakī. 4 Birth at the time of constellation Rohiṇi, first new moon in winter, Abhijit Nak- ṣatra, Jayanti night, Vijaya-muhūrta and festivities con- nected with it; enjoyed by Vasudeva and Devakī. Their prayer, and Kṛṣṇa recalled their previous births. Taken to Yaśodā's delivery room at Nandavraja, stupefying the guardsmen of the jail and crossing Yamunā in floods at dead of night; Yogamāyā born to Yaśodā taken back to the jail ward. 5 Yogamāyā announced her birth to Kaṃsā, 6 His jātakarmā. 7 Killed Pūtanā, when at Kamsā's instance, she attempted to poison him by nursing him; Yaśodā warded off evil, (Rakṣā) to Kṛṣṇa by waving cow's tail round him, by placing cow's dung on the twelve points of his body and by purifying him with cow's urine, with prayers to Hari to protect him from evil spirits. 8 The first turning in bed was celebrated with festivity. Kṛṣṇa slept under cradle beneath the cart when he kicked the cart which capsized. This roused suspicion of gṛhapīḍa in Yaśodā's mind. Śānti done when cows, food, etc., were given to Brahmanas. Once the demon Tṛṇāvarta created a whirlwind which swept away all Vraja and took up baby Kṛṣṇa high up in the sky to the embarrassment of Yaśodā and others. At that time Kṛṣṇa took hold of his neck and strangled him. He fell dead. The child Kṛṣṇa opened his mouth and showed his mother the whole universe. 9 Nāmakaraṇam as Vāsudeva. Boyish sports in Vraja, charged with eating mud; lived with Nanda and his wife who were the same Droṇa and Dharā born as Nanda and Yaśodā by the command of Brahmā. When once Yaśodā left the churning pot to mind the boiling milk overflowing in the oven, Kṛṣṇa broke the curd pot and ran away with butter to feed a monkey. So he was bound with a rope to an ulūkhala (mortar) but the rope always fell two inches Page1-437+ 40 short in spite of bits being added. At last Kṛṣṇa pitied her and allowed himself to be tied; with the mortar he passed between two tall Arjuna trees, when down fell the trees, out of which emerged two men Nalakubera and Maṇigrīva (sons of Kubera) who had been cursed by Nārada. Kṛṣṇa blessed them and sent them back to their abode. 10 Enjoyed the company of Gopis singing and dancing. Gifts on his janmanakṣatra day. Noticed a Daitya in the guise of a calf and taking him by the tail, he whirled him to death and flung the body on the top of a kapitha tree. On another occasion Asura Baka met him in the guise of a crane, when Kṛṣṇa tore its jaws asunder. Once when in the forest with his playmates, Agha, an asura friend of Kaṃsā took the form of a boa-constrictor with a view to devour the cattle and all boys together. All of them entered his open mouth with Kṛṣṇa who took his life out of his body and came out to the wonderment of gods. The ajāgara skin when dried was a cave for Vraja people. Agha, however, attained salva- tion. 11 One day the boys sat and ate merrily when the cattle had gone far into the hill and dale and Kṛṣṇa promised to bring them back. In the meantime Brahmā had them hidden. So Kṛṣṇa created duplicates of the cattle and the children that had been lost. These went home as usual and this continued for a year, when Brahmā released the hidden cows which suckled their calves, and came to see the child, the one Brahman without a second, and belauded the baby Hari, and returned to his region. More boyhood sports. 12 In regularly tending cows, imitated voice of beasts and birds in Brindāvana just like a rustic. Once the cattle drank of the poisonous waters of the Yamunā and became unconscious. After reviving them he found the reptile Kālīya in the waters. He immediately jumped into the pool and was enclosed in its coils. At this Nanda and the whole Vraja moved to the banks of the river with great concern. Page1-438+ 39 Rāma advised them to be cool. Slowly Kṛṣṇa brought the reptile under his control, and getting on its hood, began to dance, when the Kālīya acknowledged defeat. Finding his end near, Kālīya's wives prayed to Kṛṣṇa to spare him. The generous Lord allowed him to make his abode in the sea, thus purifying the Yamunā once for all. 13 After this incident the whole Vraja was encamped for the night in that vicinity. A forest fire attacked the camp, when Kṛṣṇa swallowed it and protected its inmates. His dances and songs; other past-times. Among the games was one in which the victor rode on the back of the vanquished. Kṛṣṇa carried Śrīdāma on his back. 14 Once again the cattle went astray in the thick forest, and surrounded by fire they bellowed in thirst and hunger. Kṛṣṇa and his playmates found it impossible to reach the spot. So Kṛṣṇa got upon a tree and called the cattle by names, and they responded. Asking his followers to shut their eyes, he swallowed the forest fire. When they opened their eyes, they found themselves in their homes. 15 Kṛṣṇa filled Brindāvana with Gāndharvan music and played at times on flute. Hid the clothes of Gopis who observed Kātyāyani vrata to get him as their husband, and returned them only when they saluted with their two hands over their heads as a penance for bathing naked during the period of a vrata. It was a severe day in summer when some Gopas approached him for food. Kṛṣṇa advised them to go to the neighbouring yajñaśāla and ask for food, sing- ing the praises of Balarāma and himself. The sacrificers were silent at their request. Kṛṣṇa asked them to repeat their request to ladies in his name. The ladies took four kinds of food and in spite of protest by their male relations, they came to have darsan of the Lord and placed before Him all the eatables. On Kṛṣṇa's advice they went back to com- plete the sacrifice, and assured them of their being accepted by their relations and the world. Their male relations Page1-439+ 39 regretted having missed a chance of meeting the Lord. Then food was distributed among his friends. 16 Kṛṣṇa saw the Gopas worshipping Indra and as resi- dents of hills and forests, he suggested worship of mountains and cows. When this was accepted, Indra sent a heavy downpour which was warded off by Kṛṣṇa, a boy of seven, 17 holding up the Govardhana for a week. A visit from Indra and Surabhi who anointed him, Indra, of Goloka and gave him a new name Govinda. Rescued his father Nanda from Varuṇa region and took him with other Gopas to Brahma- ḥrada where the Vedas were praising Hari. Once when playing on a flute, the Gopīs who were in the midst of house- hold duties stopped them and came to where he was in spite of protest from their male relations. Kṛṣṇa advised them to go back to Vraja and be loyal to their husbands. They refused to return as their minds were fixed upon him and longed for mokṣa, and insisted they were his dāsis and should be accepted. After some time he disappeared for their peace and redemption. They indulged in gītam, when the Lord appeared in their midst and shone like Puruṣa among śaktis. After consoling them he engaged them in a rāsakrīḍa, and finding them wearied, he engaged them in watersports and sports in the upavana on the river-bank. There was no carnal act of sin. The Lord who had no bandha, did all this in sport. 18 Released Nanda from a reptile who turned out to be vidyādhara Sudarśana. One day Śankhacūda a follower of Kaṃsā seized some ladies of Kṛṣṇa's party and ran away. They cried for succour. Kṛṣṇa and Rāma followed. He left the women behind and ran. Rāma took charge of the ladies while Kṛṣṇa pursued him, cut off his head and took the cūḍāmaṇi which he presented to Rāma. Killed Arīṣṭa in the form of a bull who entered the Vraja and terrified the inmates. 19 Page1-440+ 37 Killed Keśin who came to the Vraja in the guise of a horse and became Keśava; killed one Vyoma in the guise of a gopāla; seen milking cows with Rāma by Akrūra who came to Dvārakā at the instance of Kaṃsā; agreed readily to start for Mathurā at Akrūra's message. With Akrūra, the two brothers arrived at Mathurā. and asked their friend to go home. He requested them to visit his house to which they agreed only after vanquishing Kaṃsā. Next day afternoon, the two brothers and their Gopa followers went round the city and the women from terraces enjoyed the sight of Kṛṣṇa and Rāma. On the way he met a washerman and asked for good clothes. On his refusal, he was killed, and all his clothes taken and distributed to his Gopas. Then they met a garland-maker Sudāma who voluntarily offered flower- garlands. Him he blessed and went. Next he saw a hunch- back woman carrying unguents to Kaṃsā. For the mere asking she offered the whole of it to them. So Kṛṣṇa con- verted her to a handsome lady who invited him to her house. This was agreed after finishing his work. Then they went through the bazaar and were rewarded with betels, sandal, etc., by merchants. Lastly they entered the place where the bow festival was held. Kṛṣṇa broke it easily. The guards who attacked them were put to death. It was evening when they returned to the camp outside the city. 20 On his way to the wrestlers' arena, Kṛṣṇa vanquished Kuvalayāpīḍa with some effort. Taking its tusks, entered the enclosure with Balarāma. Accepted challenge from the wrestler Cānūra. The latter fell dead after fighting. The same fate met Śala and Tośalaka. Finding Kaṃsā ready to attack his relations, Kṛṣṇa overpowered him and killed him in a minute: condoled with the women of the dead and set his parents free; consoled his parents for their troubles and was embraced by them in love. Enthroned Ugrasena, as Yadus could not sit on the throne owing to a curse of Yayāti. A regin of peace ushered in Mathurā. 21 Page1-441+ 38 Nanda and Gopas were sent back to Vraja with honours. Upanayanam of Kṛṣṇa. With Balarāma Kṛṣṇa went to Sāndīpani and learnt all arts in 64 days. Hearing that Sāndīpani's son was washed away by the sea at Prabhāsā, Kṛṣṇa went to the spot and was told by the seagod that an Asura Pañcajana carried him off. Then he went to Yama's abode, and recovering his son, handed him over to the guru as gurudakṣiṇa and came home. Requested Uddhava to go to Vraja with a message from him to Nanda and Gopis that he would be visiting them shortly. As promised he went to Sairandhri's house with Uddhava. It was decorated according to rules of Kāmaśāstra, and after a brief stay, left it for Akrūra's with Uddhava and Rāma. Akrūra extended a royal welcome. Kṛṣṇa praised him as their guru and requested him to go to Hāstinapur and find out the position of the Pāṇḍavas. Returned to their residence. 22 Kṛṣṇa heard of the siege of Mathurā by Jarāsandha and was devis- ing a plan of attack when two chariots descended from heaven fully armoured. Also Sudarśana, his cakra and other weapons came down to him and to Rāma. Rāma took a chariot and the hala (plough), but was considered by Jarā- sandha as a boy and not his equal. Kṛṣṇa made defence arrangements at the four gates, and went out in his chariot of Garuda ensign by the northern gate to where Caidya and Māgadha were. Caidya's challenge and death; prevented Rāma from fettering Jarāsandha, and entered the city in victory and gave the spoils of war to Ugrasena, their king. Second and third defence of Mathurā. Prevented Kum- bhāṇḍa and Kūpakarṇa from using māyā in war by the application of vijñānāstra. Honoured after victory by the Sabhā of the Yadus. 23 He next desired to see Gomanta and the hill fortress. Left with Rāma towards the south crossing the Yamunā, and many towns and villages. Saw on the way Paraśurāma engaged in austere tapas and bowed to him. Paraśurāma Page1-442+ 39 suggested killing Śrgālavāsudeva, a wicked chieftain of Karavīrapura at the foot of the Gomanta. When they reached the place, Śṛgālavāsudeva offered fight, and his head was cut off by Kṛṣṇa. Welcomed by the citizens of Karavīrapura, they spent there four months after sending the spoils of war to Mathurā. Got up the hill Gomanta where Garuḍa met Kṛṣṇa and placing his crown on his head, left. Reached Mathurā with a large army. Finding Yavana besieging the city and Jarāsandha leading the eighteenth expedition,, Kṛṣṇa in consultation with Rāma resolved to build a fortress of 12 yojanas in the sea to place their kith and kin in security. So a city was built according to Vāstu śāstra to which Indra sent Sudharmā and Pārijāta. Varuṇa supplied horses and Kubera the eight Nidhis. It became a Yādava settlement. Attacked by (Kāla) Yavana, Kṛṣṇa unarmed fled to the cave where Mucukunda was asleep. Here Yavana was burnt to ashes by Mucukunda's energy. Mucukunda's surprise to see Kṛṣṇa and his prayer for salva- tion. Kṛṣṇa spoke of his future birth as Brāhmaṇa and final salvation. 24 Kṛṣṇa returned to Ugrasena at Mathurā, raised the siege of Yavana troops and went to Dvārakā with his plunder. On the way Jarāsandha's army in makara vyūha attacked him but was broken by throwing a huge tree. Returned to Dvārakā with spoils of war left by Yavanas. Jarāsandha's attack again when Rāma and Kṛṣṇa fled to the Gomanta whose top crest was burnt, while Jarāsandha thought they were dead they reached Dvārakā safe. 25 Sent Kṛtavarṇa to ascertain from Hāstināpura whether Pāṇḍavas had defeated Drupada. Married Rukmiṇi by the Rākṣasa form of mar- riage, defeating Jarāsandha and others of the Caidya party in battle. Received with due honours the Brāhmaṇa mes- senger from Rukmiṇi and promised to do the needful. With the Brāhmaṇa and Rāma, Kṛṣṇa drove from Ānartas to Vidarbhas in a night. Was honoured by Bhīṣmaka and allotted separate residence outside his capital. Ladies of Page1-443+ 38 Kuṇḍina said that Kṛṣṇa was suitable to Rukmiṇi. Seeing Rukmiṇi returning from the Devi temple, he took her in his chariot in the midst of other kings and drove fast. Jarā- sandha and others pursued but soon returned with dis- appointment. Rukmi's resolve to kill Kṛṣṇa and then enter Kuṇḍina. When he offered battle and was about to be killed, Rukmini appealed to the Lord to save her brother. At this he was tied to the chariot with his hair and moustache shaved. Advised by Rāma that punishment of Rukmī was not in order. Married Rukmiṇi according to Śāśtras amidst festivities in Dvārakā. Owing to Śiva's grace, got sacred sons of whom one was Pradyumna by Ruk- miṇī, being Kāma in a previous birth. Killed Sambara who stole the baby. Saw the lost Pradyumna and his wife Ratī in his residence, and hearing their account from Nārada, embraced the couple. Present at Pradyumna's marriage. 26 Requested Satrājita to give the Syamantaka gem for their king but he refused. Suspected by Satrājita to be res- ponsible for his brother Prasena's disappearance in the forest; recovered the jewel from Jāmbavan after fight- ing for 28 days, and got also his daughter Jāmbavatī in marriage. The jewel was returned to Satrājita in the public assembly. Married Satrājita's daughter Satyabhāmā, and when the jewel was offered, it was returned. Went with Rāma to the Kurus after the rumoured death of the Pāṇḍa- vas and Kunti; met the Pāṇḍavas at Pāñcāla city in the guise of Brāhmaṇas; killed Śatadhanvan, the murderer of his father-in-law Satrājita. Sent for Akrūra and asked him to exhibit Syamantaka in his possession, and returned it to him afterwards. 27 Kṛṣṇa once went to Hāstināpura to see the Pāṇḍavas and was heartily welcomed. Paid respects to Yudhiṣṭhira and Bhīma, embraced Arjuna and received respects from Nakula and Sahadeva. Kuntī welcomed him also. When he was spending that winter there, he went to the forest Page1-444+ 41 with Arjuna for hunting and there met an accomplished lady when Arjuna addressed. Hearing that she was the daughter of the Sun waiting to marry Kṛṣṇa, the latter took her home. In the meantime Kṛṣṇa asked Viśvakarmā to build a city for the Pāṇḍavas. Acting as Arjuna's charioteer, he caused the Khāṇḍava forest to be given over to fire. Returned to Dvārakā and married Kālindī, Sun's daughter. Then he married Mitravindā of Avanti, an aunt's daughter. Received Satyā, daughter of Nagnajit of Ayodhyā by curb- ing the ferocity of seven bulls, with a large dowry of chariots, elephants and treasure. Jealous kings were driven away by Arjuna. Married another aunt's daughter Bhadrā. Took Lakṣmaṇā, daughter of the Madra king and thousands of maidens from Naraka's harem. 28 Indra came one day to Dvārakā and reported to Kṛṣṇa the mischief done to him by Naraka. Entering Prāgjyotiṣa, Kṛṣṇa pulled down ramparts and walls and cut off Mura's five heads. His seven sons attacked him led by Pāṭha in vain. Naraka also attacked and had his head cut off. Kṛṣṇa entered the city welcomed by its people, saw Maṇiparvata of Indra and the umbrella of Varuṇa and gave them back to them. Earth, mother of Naraka came before Kṛṣṇa and handed over the kuṇḍalas of Aditi, informing him that Naraka was her son by the touch of Hari in Vārāha form. Then he entered the harem of the Asura and sent away 16000 (some 16100) maidens to Dvārakā and them he married, after distributing the spoils of war among his fellow companions. 29 Had by his wives 18000 sons. With Satyabhāmā he visited Indra's abode and after giving the kuṇḍalas to Aditi, he came back with Pārijāta against Indra's will, because his queen wanted it. He enjoyed the company of all his wives, taking a separate form for each wife. Indra's attack on Kṛṣṇa with gods like Varuṇa, Vāyu, etc., for taking away Pārijāta. Their defeat and Indra's apology. Kṛṣṇa consoled him. Welcomed back in Dvārakā. 30 Page1-445+ 37 Love quarrel with his consort Rukmiṇī described. Once when Kṛṣṇa was sitting at leisure, Rukmiṇi who was nearby fanned him. Kṛṣṇa indulged in fun and asked her how she chose a poor fellow like him leaving princes of equal status with her, and added that he was willing to let her go and marry a powerful Kṣatriya prince. This put out poor Ruk- miṇi who wept bitterly, speaking words showing her unflinching loyalty to him. Noticing her sincerity Kṛṣṇa consoled her that he simply cut a joke. He said that she knew him to be Hari to whom Rājaṛṣis like Aṅga, Nahuṣa and Gaya had dedicated their lives leaving their kingdoms, and that Brahmā and Śiva sang his praises. Kṛṣṇa assured her of his loyalty to her. In this way he led a household life just like an ordinary mortal. Each one of his eight chief queens gave birth to ten sons, and each thought that Kṛṣṇa was only living with her, as there was a Kṛṣṇa by the side of each lady including the 16000 of Naraka's harem. He played with them blindman's buff, exchanging betels, scents, etc. The chief queens were Rukmini, Satyabhāmā, Jāmba- vatī, Satyā, Kālindī, Mādri, Mitravindā, and Bhadrā. Attended Aniruddha's marriage with Rocanā at Bhojakaṭa. Heard from Nārada of Aniruddha's imprisonment by Bāṇa of 1000 arms and besieged Śonitapura. Defeated Śiva who came on Bāṇā's behalf and at Śiva's request, let Bāṇa go with his four arms remaining. Returned to Dvārakā with Aniruddha and Uṣā. 31 Heard from a Brāhmaṇa of the externment of Pāṇḍa- vas to the forest, and riding on a chariot with Satyabhāmā, met them and consoled them; came back with Subhadrā and Abhimanyu. Heard a report of a huge lizard in a well, and lifting it up, he found it to be a divinity who revealed him- self as king Nṛga and who went to heaven. Taught the citizens of Dvāraka on the inviolability of Brāhmaṇas’ property. 32 Page1-446+ 37 Kṛṣṇa heard of Pauṇḍraka's invasion of Dvārakā in his absence. Had a message from him either to give up the title of Vāsudeva or offer battle. Ugrasena and others laughed at this. Kṛṣṇa went to Kāśī and had the heads of Pauṇḍraka and his ally cut off and their army destroyed. Kṛṣṇa's return to Dvāraka. An ābhicāra Agni was sent by Pauṇḍ- raka's son through the grace of Śiva but was vanquished by Hari's cakra. By his yoga power Kṛṣṇa appeared at the mansions of each of his 16000 wives, engaged in a normal domestic life. When Nārada entered every house, he saw the same Kṛṣṇa in each; got up early in the morning and meditated on Brahman; gave cows, etc., to the Brāhmaṇas, saw first ghee, then mirror, cows, gods, etc. Heard from a messenger of the difficulties of kings imprisoned by Jarā- sandha. Advised by Uddhava to vanquish Jarāsandha with the aid of Bhīma at Yudhiṣṭhira's Rājasūya. Kṛṣṇa's route to Hāstināpura where he was received by the Pāṇḍavas. Draupadī welcomed his wives and, these were put up com- fortably. Hearing Jarāsandha still unconquered, Kṛṣṇa with Bhīma and Arjuna went to Girivraja in Brāhmaṇas’ disguise and asked for meals. They then threw off their disguise and called him to battle in which Bhīma won. After releasing prisoners, Kṛṣṇa enthroned Sahadeva, son of Jarāsandha. 33 The kings thus released after the fall of Jarāsandha were 20800, praised the Lord and requested that they might ever remember Him. Kṛṣṇa asked them to go back to their places and assume charge of governments by ruling righteously. Sahadeva arranged their bath, dress and meals, after which they left for where Yudhiṣṭhira and his family were. Received the first honour in the Rājasūya of Yudhiṣṭhira when Śiśupāla protested in a vilifying speech. His head was cut off. Lived in Hāstināpura for some months at the request of Yudhiṣṭhīra and others. Attended to arghya and pādya for Brāhmaṇas in the Rājasūya. Welcomed Nārada who informed him of the necessity of vanquishing Śālva. Left for Dvārakā hearing of its blockade by Śālva Page1-447+ 37 who applied illusory powers. Kṛṣṇa broke his car and killed him. Kṛṣṇa went as an ambassador of the Pāṇḍavas to Dur- yodhana. He was sought to be made prisoner in vain; came back determined to declare war. In the war served as Arjuna's charioteer, and after the war Kṛṣṇa condoled with Dhṛtarāṣṭra and after anointing Yudhiṣṭhīra, returned to Dvārakā. One day there came Kucaila, a Brāhmaṇa classmate of Kṛṣṇa, a poor man with many children. Induced by his wife he visited Kṛṣṇa who welcomed him with Rukmiṇi, indulged in talks of old school days, partook of the pṛthuka rice which Kucaila's wife had sent, and sent him away after keeping him for a night. 34 Left for Syamantapañcaka for solar eclipse, met Gopis there and taught them the nature of the Absolute. Sages waited on him and praised his glory. His joy at Vasudeva's sacrifice. Honoured Nanda. Praised by his father, Kṛṣṇa replied that Ātma is only one. At the request of Devakī to get back all her sons killed by Kamsā, Kṛṣṇa entered Sutalam and with leave of Bali, took them to his mother who embraced them in affection. These children who were degraded gods gained their old form and went to heaven. 35 Subhadrā was his sister, and Arjuna carried her off with his knowledge and against the wish of Balarāma. He went with sages to Mithilā where was his Brāhmaṇa devotee Śru- tadeva. The latter and the king Maithilā welcomed him and requested him to stay. Kṛṣṇa did not like to disoblige them and so stayed in both houses taking two different forms, thus purifying Nimi line, and pleasing Śrutadeva. 36 Performed Aśvamedha sacrifice in the course of which he had to go to Vaikuṇṭha with Arjuna to recover the lost children of a Dvārakā Brāhmaṇa who preferred a complaint. After return with the lost boy, he had his avabhṛta cele- Page1-448+ 38 brated in the Yamunā. Then he continued his righteous rule and spent a good time in Dvārakā enjoying pleasures with his chosen wives. 37 His service to the world was to kill Daityas and relieve the burden of the Earth. Resolved to destroy the Yadu race and reach his eternal abode; approved of the curse of the sages against the Yadu race. Brahmā and other gods visited him, appealing to him to go back to Vaikuṇṭha. He agreed. Uddhava expressed a wish to follow him but was advised by Kṛṣṇa to lead a righteous life. Incidentally Kṛṣṇa narrated to him the conversation of a certain Avadhūta and Yadu. Insisting on yama and niyama, and duties incumbent on varṇa and āśrama. Then he described who was said to be in bondage, who was a free man and a righteous person, and he also explained the need and importance of Satsanga. He proceeded to instruct Uddhava on the nature of the guṇas, and their causes, laying emphasis on satva guṇa. Then he explained Bhakti, Dhyāna, siddhis and their nature. He afterwards narrated the Vibhūtis of Hari, described the dharmas of varṇa and āśrama, explained what was jñāna and vijñāna, giving a list of duties to be observed by all. He further instructed on the three yogas — jñāna, karma and bhakti, on the Vedas, and on the principles of Sāṅkhya and Sāṅkhyavidhi. He then narrated the story of an Avanti Brāhmaṇa who turned out ascetic after being a miser. He enumerated the different characteristics of the three guṇas and the evil effects of bad association, recapitulating kriyā- yoga, jñāna yoga and bhakti yoga. Lastly Uddhava was advised to go to Badari. 38 Advised his relations to go to Prabhāsa, and there deluded by him, they fought among themselves and died. Balarāma also met his death. Kṛṣṇa heard this while sit- ting under a pippala tree. A hunter Jarā by name aimed his shaft at his foot little thinking that it was the Lord. Coming to know that it was Kṛṣṇa he regretted much. Kṛṣṇa consoled him and permitted him to go to Heaven. Page1-449+ 44 Kṛṣṇa addressed his charioteer Dāmaka to go to Dvārakā, and advise the people there to leave for Hastinapura with Arjuna. Invited by gods Kṛṣṇa entered his dhāma, while his wives entered fire. 39 It was the first day of Kali yuga. 39a Resides in Sutalam; the mantra sacred to; 40 as Puruṣa with Lakṣmī as prakṛti; the sacred Hari. 41 One of the five Vamśavīras. 42 After his great Decease Arjuna felt himself powerless even against Ābhiras; 43 help- ed Arjuna to overcome the arrow Brahmaśiras of Aśva- thāma; advised him to accept Draupadi's plea to release him and to treat him as a brahmabandhu. Went with Draupadī and party to attend the funeral rites of her sons, on the Ganges; anointed Yudhiṣṭhira on the throne. When he was about to leave for Dvārakā, Uttarā ran to him for help to the child in her womb against a burning missile. This was granted. Kuntī's praise of. Followed Yudhiṣṭhira to see the dying Bhīṣma who welcomed and praised him. Painful leave-takings. Praise by women of Hastināpura. Escorted by Yudhiṣṭhira's army and passing through many lands reached Dvārakā. Blew his conch as a sign of his arrival. Welcome in the city. Paid his respects to the wives of his father and enjoyed the company of his 16108 wives. 44 His feet marked with Padma, Vajra, Aṅkuśa and Dhvaja. 45 An able charioteer, councillor, friend, ambassador, soldier and protector of devotees. Remembered by Śiva; called with Rādhā on the Lord and Pārvatī, and spoke to the latter on the greatness of Vināyaka with whom he renewed his friendship. Praised Parasurāma's heroism; no difference between Kṛṣṇa and Śiva. 46 Married three daughters of Bhangakāra and Vrata- Page1-450+ 38 vatī; also Mahādeva; a contemporary of Hiraṇyakaśipu; 47 Mahātmya of, in the Brahmavaivarta; prayed to by Aditi. 48 on the very day he left this earth, Kaliyuga began. 49 a Vṛṣṇi; 50 worship of, before gifts. 51 When Kṛṣṇa was born 16000 goddesses and 14 gaṇas of Apsaras were reborn in the world to serve the Lord in his quest. 52 [ Footnote: 1) Bhā. I. 2. 17; 3. 23; Chaps. 10 and 11; M. 7. 60.] [ Footnote: 2) Bhā. II. 7. 26-36.] [ Footnote: 3) Bhā. II. 4. 20; VII. 15. 76-79.] [ Footnote: 4) Ib. X. Chaps. 1-3; M. 46. 14; Vā. 96. 174.] [ Footnote: 5) Bhā. X. Chaps. (whole); Br. III. 71. 196-263; 72. 7-13; Vi. V. 1. 98; 3. 1-29.] [ Footnote: 6) Bhā. X. Chap. 4, Vā. 96. 199. 215.] [ Footnote: 7) Bhā. X. 5. 1-16.] [ Footnote: 8) Ib. X. 6; Vi. V. 5. 12-31.] [ Footnote: 9) Bhā. X. 7; Vi. V. 6. 1-7.] [ Footnote: 10) Bhā. X. Chaps. 8, 9 and 10; Vi. V. 6, 8-19.] [ Footnote: 11) Bhā. X. Chap. II.] [ Footnote: 12) Ib. X. Chaps. 13 and 14; Vi. V. 6. 30 to the end of Chap. 9.] [ Footnote: 13) Bhā. X. Chaps. 15 and 16. Vi. V. 7 (whole).] [ Footnote: 14) Bhā. X. Chaps. 17 and 18.] [ Footnote: 15) Ib. X. 19. 1-13.] [ Footnote: 16) Bhā. X. Chaps. 21-23.] [ Footnote: 17) Ib. X. Chaps. 24-26; Vi. V. 10. 25-41; 11. 16-25; 13. 3-62.] [ Footnote: 18) Bhā. X. Chaps. 27-33; Vi. IV. 12. 12.] [ Footnote: 19) Bhā. X. Chaps. 34-36; Vi. V. Chap. 14.] [ Footnote: 20) Bhā. X. Chaps. 37. 42; Vi. V. 16. 7-16, 23; Chaps. 18, 19.] [ Footnote: 21) Bhā. X. Chaps. 43-44 and 46. 1-19; Vi. V. 9. 8-33; Chap. 20.] [ Footnote: 22) Bhā. X. 45. 20-49; Chaps. 46-48; Vi. V. 25. 19-31.] [ Footnote: 23) Bhā. X. Chaps. 50-52 (v).] [ Footnote: 24) Ib. X. Chap. 53 (v) and 50-51; Vi. V. Chaps. 22-3.] [ Footnote: 25) Bhā. X. Chap. 52; Vi. V. 24. 1-7.] [ Footnote: 26) Bhā. X. Chaps. 53-55; Vi. V. 26. 2-11; Chap. 27; 28. 2-8.] [ Footnote: 27) Bhā. X. Chaps. 56-57; Br. III. 7. 301; 36. 15 and 21; 68-28; 71. 46-96; M. 45. 34; Vi. IV. 13. 64-98. 142-157.] [ Footnote: 28) Bhā. X. Chap. 58.] [ Footnote: 29) Bhā. X. Chap. 59; Vi. V. 29. 13-35; 31. 14-20] [ Footnote: 30) Bhā. X. 59. 22-45; Chap. 65 (v) to 67 (v); Vi. V. Chap. 30; 31. 1-10.] [ Footnote: 31) Bhā. X. Chaps. 60-63; Vi. IV. 15. 30-4; V. 33. 12-53.] [ Footnote: 32) Bhā. X. Chap. 64.] [ Footnote: 33) Ib. X. Chaps. 67-73; M. 47, 14; Vi. V. 31. 4-28.] [ Footnote: 34) Bhā. X. Chaps. 76-78; 81. 1-13.] [ Footnote: 35) Ib. X. Chaps. 82-85.] [ Footnote: 36) Ib. X. Chap. 86.] [ Footnote: 37) Ib. X. Chaps. 88-90.] [ Footnote: 38) Ib. XI. XI. Chaps. 1-28.] [ Footnote: 39) Ib. XI. Chaps. 30-31; Vi. V. 37. 1-4; 47-75.] [ Footnote: 39a)Ib. XI. Chaps. 30-31; Vi. V. 37. 1-4; 47-75.] [ Footnote: 40) Br. II. 20. 21; III. 34. 9 and 34; 36. 114 and 48; 41. 8; 71. 196-7.] [ Footnote: 41) Ib. IV. 6. 30; 8. 28; 9. 48-55; 29. 126; 39. 59; 40. 8.] [ Footnote: 42) Ib. III. 72. 1.] [ Footnote: 43) Vi. V. 38. 47-51; VI. 8. 3, 9.] [ Footnote: 44) Bhā. I. Chaps. 7-12.] [ Footnote: 45) Ib. I. 16. 17 and 34.] [ Footnote: 46) Br. III. 42. 18-55; 43. 12-24; 44. 29; 71. 36 and 85.] [ Footnote: 47) M. 45. 20-21; 47. 1 and 35.] [ Footnote: 48) M. 53. 34-5; 60. 4; 245. 33-6; 250. 46.] [ Footnote: 49) M. 273. 49; Vi. IV. 24. 111-3.] [ Footnote: 50) M. 45. 10.] [ Footnote: 51) M. 181. 17; 245. 62; 246. 20. 36, 44; 248. 44; 274. 15.] [ Footnote: 52) Vā. 96. 232 ff.] [ ID=3506 ]

### Groups of People or Castes (3 definitions)
- the name of the Shudras in Shalmala-dvipa  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) ( श्स् (śs) ), m. pl. N. of the Śūdras in Śālmala-dvīpa, VP. [ ID=55180 ]
- a class of gods; a Parashara clan  
  *The Purana Index*
  > Kṛṣṇas (I) — a class of gods; a Parāśara clan. Br. III. 8. 95; 10. 109; Vā. 70. 87. [ ID=3523 ]
- the Shudra caste of Shalmalidvipa  
  *The Purana Index*
  > Kṛṣṇas (II) — the Śūdra caste of Śālmalidvīpa. Vi. II. 4. 30. [ ID=3524 ]

### Anatomical Parts (2 definitions)
- the black part of the eye  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) m. the black part of the eye, Śatapatha-brāhmaṇa (Title) x, xii, xiii, xiv; Suśr. [ ID=55193 ]
- The black part of the eye  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णं (ṣṇaṃ) 4 The black part of the eye

### Linguistic/Etymological Note (1 definition)
- black  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) [ cf. कार्ष्ण (kārṣṇa), &c. cf. also Russ. černyi, ‘black’.] [ ID=55202 ]

### Miscellaneous Descriptions or Derived Epithets (1 definition)
- an epithet of Arjuna  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — सखः, - सारथिः (sakhaḥ, -sārathiḥ) an epithet of Arjuna. (

### Other (1 definition)
- Black pepper  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — ष्णं (ṣṇaṃ) 5 Black pepper

## Sources

Definitions from Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary; Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary; Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary; Lanman's Sanskrit Reader Vocabulary; Macdonell Sanskrit-English Dictionary; Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1872); Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899); Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary; The Purana Index; The Vedic Index of Names and Subjects; Vaidya Sanskrit-English Dictionary; Wilson Sanskrit-English Dictionary; Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary.
Text from the Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, University of Cologne.

The Sanskrit Lexicon app for iPhone, iPad and Mac: https://apps.apple.com/us/app/sanskrit-lexicon-dictionary/id6746787546