# प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa)

Canonical page: https://sanskritlexicon.com/word/pratyaksha

प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) is a Sanskrit word meaning visible or perceptible, clear, distinct, real, keeping in view or discerning, direct perception by the senses, superintendence or care, a style descriptive of impressions derived from the senses. Its 40 recorded definitions are grouped into 6 contexts, among them Adjective: Visible, Perceptible, Clear, Direct, Real, Corporeal, Adverbial Usage (e.g., Before the eyes, Clearly), Comprehensive Overview (Adjective, Noun, Adverb, etc.).

- **Root:** श्रु (śru)
- **Etymology:** E. अक्ष an organ of sense — E. akṣa an organ of sense
- **SLP1:** `pratyakza`  **IAST:** pratyakṣa  **Devanagari:** प्रत्यक्ष
- **Declensions:** 48 forms — https://sanskritlexicon.com/word/pratyaksha/declensions.md

## Meanings by context

### Adjective: Visible, Perceptible, Clear, Direct, Real, Corporeal (12 definitions)
- Visible or perceptible.  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > (H1) [Printed book page 674,2] प्रत्य् - अक्ष (praty-akṣa) b mf( आ (ā) )n. present before the eyes, visible, perceptible ( opp. to परोऽक्ष (paro'kṣa), q.v. ), Up.; MBh. &c. [ ID=133793 ]
- clear, distinct, real  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > clear, distinct, manifest, direct, immediate, actual, real, ŚBr. &c. &c. [ ID=133794 ]
- Visible or perceptible to the eye.  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) [Printed book page 0744-c ] प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) a. [ अक्ष्णः प्रति (akṣṇaḥ prati) ] 1 Perceptible (to the eye), visible; प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) ाभिः (pratyakṣābhiḥ) प्रपन्नस्तनुभिरवतु वस्ताभिरष्टाभिरीशः (prapannastanubhiravatu vastābhiraṣṭābhirīśaḥ) Śakuntalā (Bombay) 1. 1
- Present, in sight, before the eye  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) [Printed book page 0744-c ] प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) a. [ अक्ष्णः प्रति (akṣṇaḥ prati) ] 2 Present, in sight, before the eye
- Cognizable by any sense organ.  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) [Printed book page 0744-c ] प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) a. [ अक्ष्णः प्रति (akṣṇaḥ prati) ] 3 Cognizable by any organ of sense
- Distinct, evident, clear  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) [Printed book page 0744-c ] प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) a. [ अक्ष्णः प्रति (akṣṇaḥ prati) ] 4 Distinct, evident, clear
- Direct, immediate  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) [Printed book page 0744-c ] प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) a. [ अक्ष्णः प्रति (akṣṇaḥ prati) ] 5 Direct, immediate
- Explicit, express.  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) [Printed book page 0744-c ] प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) a. [ अक्ष्णः प्रति (akṣṇaḥ prati) ] 6 Explicit, express
- Corporeal  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) [Printed book page 0744-c ] प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) a. [ अक्ष्णः प्रति (akṣṇaḥ prati) ] 7 Corporeal
- Perceptible, present, or perceivable by the senses.  
  *Wilson Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) [Printed book page 569 ] प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) mfn. ( - क्षः - क्षा - क्षं (-kṣaḥ-kṣā-kṣaṃ) ) Perceptible, perceivable, present, cognizable by any of the organs of sense. E. अक्ष (akṣa) an organ of sense, with प्रति (prati) indicative prefix. [ ID=26263 ]
- Perceptible, present, before the eyes  
  *Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) [Printed book page 510-b ] प्रत्य _ क्ष (pratya_kṣa) ( क्षः - क्षा - क्षं ) ((kṣaḥ-kṣā-kṣaṃ)) a. Perceptible, present, before the eyes. [ ID=25757 ]
- 1. Present, visible, or perceptible. 2. Distinct, evident, or clear. 3. Direct or immediate. 4. Corporeal.  
  *Vaidya Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) [Printed book page 469-11 ] प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) (I) a. (f. क्षा (kṣā) ) 1. Present, in sight, perceptible, visible, प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) ाभिः प्रपन्नस्तनुभिरवतु वस्ताभिरष्टाभिरीशः (pratyakṣābhiḥ prapannastanubhiravatu vastābhiraṣṭābhirīśaḥ) Sak. i.; 2. distinct, evident, clear, Bg. ix.2; 3. direct, immediate; 4. corporeal. [ ID=24358 ]

### Adverbial Usage (e.g., Before the eyes, Clearly) (12 definitions)
- before the eyes, clearly, directly, or personally  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > (H1C) [Printed book page 674,2] प्रत्यक्षम् (pratyakṣam) ind. (also ° क्ष (°kṣa) ibc. ) before the eyes, in the sight or presence of ( gen. or comp. ), clearly, explicitly, directly, personally, AV. &c. &c. [ ID=133799 ]
- explicitly, actually, really  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > [Printed book page 674,3] प्रत्य् - अक्षात् (praty-akṣāt) ( आत् (āt) ), ind. explicitly, actually, really, Br. [ ID=133800 ]
- visibly, publicly, or directly  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > प्रत्य् - अक्षेण (praty-akṣeṇa) ( एण (eṇa) ), ind. before the eyes, visibly, publicly, expressly, directly, Lāṭy.; MBh.; MārkP. [ ID=133801 ]
- Before one's face or publicly.  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > प्रत्य् - अक्षे (praty-akṣe) ( ए (e) ), ind. before one's face, publicly, Pañcat. [ ID=133802 ]
- Before, in the presence of, in the sight of  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — क्षं (kṣaṃ) 1 Before, in the presence of, in the sight of
- Openly, publicly  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — क्षं (kṣaṃ) 2 Openly, publicly
- Directly, immediately  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — क्षं (kṣaṃ) 3 Directly, immediately
- Personally  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — क्षं (kṣaṃ) 4 Personally
- At sight.  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — क्षं (kṣaṃ) 5 At sight
- Explicitly  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — क्षं (kṣaṃ) 6 Explicitly
- Clearly  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — क्षं (kṣaṃ) 7 Distinctly, clearly
- Literally  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — क्षं (kṣaṃ) 8 Literally. so प्रत्यक्षे (pratyakṣe) in the sight of before the eyes of)

### Comprehensive Overview (Adjective, Noun, Adverb, etc.) (6 definitions)
- Visible, evident, apparent, actual, real, direct, and immediate perception  
  *Macdonell Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) [Printed book page 176-2 ] प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) prati‿akṣa, a. being before the eyes, evident, visible, perceptible; clear, plain, manifest; undoubted, actual, real; immediate, direct; having a clear knowledge of ( g. ); n. superintendence of, care for ( g. ); evidence, immediate perception; cognizance: -m, ad. before oneʼs eyes or face; in the presence of ( g. or —° ); visibly, evidently, from oneʼs own immediate knowledge; clearly, distinctly; actually, really; immediately, directly, personally; ab. actually, really; immediately; in. before oneʼs eyes, to oneʼs face; at sight, evidently; lc. id.; °—, before oneʼs face, visibly; clearly; actually; directly, personally: -karaṇa, n. personal observation; -kṛta, pp. directly or personally addressed ( in the second person ); containing a direct invocation; -cārin, a. moving in bodily shape before ( g. ); -jñāna, n. immediate knowledge; -tamāt, -tamā́am, ad. most evidently, immediately, or actually, etc.; -tas, ad. before oneʼs very eyes: with √śru, hear with oneʼs own ears; -tā, f. visibility: in. visibly; -tva, n. manifestness; explicitness; directness of perception; -darśana, n. seeing with oneʼs own eyes, power of seeing ( a god ) bodily; -darśin, a. seeing or having seen anything ( g. ) with oneʼs own eyes; -dṛś, a. seeing anything clearly as if with oneʼs own eyes; -dṛśya, fp. to be seem with oneʼs own eyes, evident; -dṛṣṭa, pp. seen with oneʼs own eyes; -pramā, f. correct conception gained by the evidence of the senses; -bhakṣa, m. actual eating; -bhūta, pp. manifested, become visible, appearing in bodily shape. [ ID=12153 ]
- 1. Perceptible by the senses, present, or cognizable. 2. Distinct, clear, or evident. 3. Direct or immediate. 4. Corporeal. 5. Ocular evidence or sensory perception.  
  *Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) [Printed book page 485-a ] प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) mfn. ( - क्षः - क्षा - क्षं (-kṣaṃ) (-kṣaḥ-kṣā-kṣaṃ) ) 1. Perceptible, perceivable, present, cognizable by any of the organs of sense. 2. Distinct, clear, evident. 3. Direct, immediate. 4. Corporeal. n. ( - क्षं (-kṣaṃ) ) Ocular evidence, apprehension by the senses, perception, (considered as a mode of proof. In Phil.) E. अक्ष (akṣa) an organ of sense with प्रति (prati) indicative prefix. [ ID=26799 ]
- 1. Visible or present. 2. Perceptible or evident. 3. In the presence or publicly. 4. At sight or evidently. 5. Perception. 6. Superintendence.  
  *Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) [Printed book page 0597-a ] प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) pratyakṣa, i. e. prati-akṣa, I. adj., f. kṣā. 1. Being before one's eyes, visible, Utt. Rāmac. 43, 9; Hit. iii. d. 24. 2. Present. 3. Perceptible, evident, Hit. 85, 21 ( °kṣī-kṛta, made evident). II. kṣam, adv. In the pre- sence, Pañc. 216, 3; publicly, iii. d. 93. III. instr. kṣeṇa, At sight, Hit. i. d. 98, M.M.; evidently, Hit. 106, 12. IV. n. 1. Perception, Bhāṣāp. 51. 2. Superintendence, Man. 9, 27. — Comp. A-, adj. 1. not seen by one's own eyes Man. 8, 95. 2. unknown, Rām. 4, 9, 102. [ ID=9673 ]
- 1. Plainly visible, clear, or actual. 2. Superintendence or direct perception.  
  *Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) [Printed book page 338 ] प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) a. before the eyes, plainly visible, clear, distinct, actual, immediate. — n. superintendence, care of ( gen. ); ocular evidence, immediate apprehension or intelligence; as adv. before one's face, publicly, distinctly, immediately, personally (also abl., instr., & °—). [ ID=20511 ]
- before the eyes, plainly visible  
  *Lanman's Sanskrit Reader Vocabulary*
  > प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) [Printed book page 195-a ] pratyakṣa, a. before the eyes, plainly visible; -e, adv. before one's face. [ prati + akṣa, 1310a.] [ ID=2730 ]
- 1. Perceptible to the senses, present before the eyes, or in sight. 2. Clear, evident, distinct, actual, real, corporeal, or immediate. 3. Perceptibility, ocular evidence, clearness, or superintendence. 4. Sensory apprehension, perception, intuition, or a descriptive rhetorical style.  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1872)*
  > प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) [Printed book page 0624-b ] प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) praty-akṣa, as, ā, am, perceptible to the eye, being present before the eyes, in sight, perceptible, sensible, cognizable by any of the organs of sense (opposed to paro'kṣa, q. v.); clear, dis- tinct, evident, undoubted, express, explicit, actual, real; corporeal; immediate; having before the eyes, keeping in view, discerning; ( am ), n. perceptibility, ocular evidence, clearness, distinctness, explicitness; superintendence; (in philosophy) apprehension by the senses, sensation, perception, intuition; (in rhetoric) a kind of style descriptive of impressions derived from the senses; ( am, āt, eṇa ), ind. before the eyes, in the sight of; with direct personal knowledge, dis- tinctly, clearly; in the face of, in the presence of, before; publicly; immediately, directly, explicitly, really; literally; personally; at first sight, at sight; ( e ), ind. in the sight of, before the eyes of. —Praty- akṣa-kṛtā, f., Ved., scil. ṛk, a hymn or verse in which a deity is addressed directly or in the second person (e. g. O Indra, thou &c.). —Pratyakṣa- khaṇḍa, as, am, m. n., N. of the first part of the Tattva-cintā-maṇi a Nyāya work by Gaṅgeśa. —Pra- tyakṣa-jñāna, am, n. knowledge obtained by per- Page0624-c+ 78 ception. —Pratyakṣa-tamām or pratyakṣa-ta- māt, ind., Ved. most perceptibly; most directly; most evidently. —Pratyakṣa-tas, ind. before the eyes, in presence of, visibly, perceptibly, ( pratyakṣataḥ śrutam, heard perceptibly or with the ears); evi- dently, clearly, plainly. —Pratyakṣa-tā, f. or pra- tyakṣa-tva, am, n. visibility, perceptibility, per- ception by the senses, ocular demonstration; the standing face to face; explicitness; addressing in the second person (Ved.); pratyakṣatayā, visibly. —Pratyakṣa-darśana, am, n. seeing with one's own eyes, witnessing or seeing in person; the power of discerning the godhead present (in the sacrifice); ( as ), m. an eye-witness, witness. —Pratyakṣa- darśin, ī, inī, i, seeing with one's own eyes, one who has seen with his own eyes, an eye-witness. —Praty- akṣa-darśivas, ān, m. one who has seen anything with his own eyes, an eye-witness; seeing anything clearly as if before the eyes. —Pratyakṣa-dṛś, k, k, k, seeing distinctly, one who sees anything clearly as if before the eyes. —Pratyakṣa-dṛśya, as, ā, am, to be seen with the eyes, visible, per- ceptible. —Pratyakṣa-dṛṣṭa, as, ā, am, seen with the eyes. —Pratyakṣa-parīkṣaṇa, am, n. real observation or examination. —Pratyakṣa- pramā, f. correct or certain knowledge obtained through the senses. —Pratyakṣa-pramāṇa, am, n. ocular or visible proof, the evidence of the senses; an organ or faculty of perception. —Pratyakṣa- phala, am, n. a visible consequence. —Pratyakṣa- bṛhatī, f., Ved. a real or original Bṛhatī, an evident Bṛhatī. —Pratyakṣa-bhakṣa, as, m., Ved. real or actual eating. —Pratyakṣa-bhūta, as, ā, am, become visible, manifested. —Pratyakṣa- bhoga, as, m. enjoyment or use of anything in the presence of or with the knowledge of the owner. —Pratyakṣa-vādin, ī, inī, i, ‘asserting percep- tion by the senses,’ one who admits of no other evidence than perception by the senses; ( ī ), m. a Buddhist. —Pratyakṣa-vihita, as, ā, am, expressly enjoined. —Pratyakṣa-vṛtti, is, is, i, having a form which is visible to the eye; composed clearly or intelligibly. —Pratyakṣa-siddha, as, ā, am, determined by the evidence of the senses. —Praty- akṣī-karaṇa, am, n. looking at, viewing; making manifest or apparent. —Pratyakṣī-kṛ, cl. 8. P. A. -karoti, -kurute, -kartum, to make visible or evident; to inspect, look at with one's own eyes, see. —Praty- akṣī-kṛta, as, ā, am, seen with the eyes; made present or visible; manifested, displayed. [ ID=31621 ]

### Noun: Perception, Evidence, Superintendence, Explicitness (5 definitions)
- direct perception by the senses  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > प्रत्य् - अक्ष (praty-akṣa) n. ocular evidence, direct perception, apprehension by the senses (in Nyāya one of the 4 Pramāṇas or modes of proof. cf. प्रमाण (pramāṇa) ) [ ID=133796 ]
- superintendence or care  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > superintendence of, care for ( gen. ), Manu-smṛti (Title) ix, 27 [ ID=133797 ]
- Perception, ocular evidence, or apprehension by the senses  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — क्षं (kṣaṃ) 1 Perception, ocular evidence, apprehension by the senses, considered as a प्रमाण (pramāṇa) or mode of proof; इंद्रियार्थसन्निकर्षजन्यं ज्ञानं (iṃdriyārthasannikarṣajanyaṃ jñānaṃ) त्यक्षं (kṣaṃ) (tyakṣaṃ) T. S
- Explicitness, distinctness  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — क्षं (kṣaṃ) 2 Explicitness, distinctness. (The forms प्रत्यक्षं (kṣaṃ), प्रत्यक्षेण (pratyakṣaṃ, pratyakṣeṇa), प्रत्यक्षतः, प्रत्यक्षात् (pratyakṣataḥ, pratyakṣāt) are used adverbially in the sense of
- 1. Ocular evidence or sensory perception. 2. In the presence of or before. 3. Publicly. 4. Immediately, directly, or personally.  
  *Vaidya Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) (II) n. Ocular evidence, apprehension by the senses, perception (considered as a mode of proof) (in phil.). ( प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) म् (pratyakṣam), प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) ेण (pratyakṣeṇa) and प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa) ात् (pratyakṣāt) are used as indeclinables in the sense of- (1) in the presence of, before; (2) publicly; (3) immediately, directly, personally.) [ ID=24359 ]

### Specific Compounds & Derived Meanings (e.g., pratyakṣa-darśin, pratyakṣa-phala) (4 definitions)
- keeping in view or discerning  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > keeping in view, discerning (with gen. ), MBh. [ ID=133795 ]
- a style descriptive of impressions derived from the senses  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > (in rhet. ) a kind of style descriptive of impressions derived from the senses, Kuval. [ ID=133798 ]
- a hymn in which a deity is directly addressed  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — कृता (kṛtā) ( i. e. ऋ क् (ṛ k) ) a hymn in which a deity is directly addressed
- correct or certain knowledge obtained through direct sensory perception  
  *Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > — प्रम (prama) correct or certain knowledge, such as is obtained by direct perception through the senses

### Referential Entry (1 definition)
- See pratyaksha.  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > (H3) [Printed book page 663,3] प्रत्य् (praty) — अक्ष (—akṣa) a See s.v. [ ID=131942 ]

## Sources

Definitions from Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary; Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary; Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary; Lanman's Sanskrit Reader Vocabulary; Macdonell Sanskrit-English Dictionary; Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1872); Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899); Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary; Vaidya Sanskrit-English Dictionary; Wilson Sanskrit-English Dictionary; Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary.
Text from the Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, University of Cologne.

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