# सूर्य (sūrya)

Canonical page: https://sanskritlexicon.com/word/surya

सूर्य (sūrya) is a Sanskrit word meaning the sun or its deity, a symbolical expression for the number twelve, the swallow-wort, the son of Bali, name of a Danava, an astronomer. Its 32 recorded definitions are grouped into 11 contexts, among them The Sun / The Sun God, Proper Names (Non-Solar-Deity Figures), Botanical Associations (Colocynth, Swallow-wort).

- **SLP1:** `sUrya`  **IAST:** sūrya  **Devanagari:** सूर्य
- **Wikipedia:** https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya
- **Declensions:** 48 forms — https://sanskritlexicon.com/word/surya/declensions.md
- **Other headwords romanised the same way:** सूर्या (sūryā), सुर्य (surya)

## Meanings by context

### The Sun / The Sun God (13 definitions)
- the sun or its deity  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > (H2) [Printed book page 1243,1] सूर्य (sūrya) a m. the sun or its deity (in the Veda the name Sūrya is generally distinguished from Savitṛ [ q.v. ], and denotes the most concrete of the solar gods, whose connection with the luminary is always present to the poet's mind; in Nirukta, by Yāska (Title) vii, 5 he is regarded as one of the original Vedic triad, his place being in the sky, while that of Agni is on the earth, and that of Indra is in the atmosphere; ten hymns in the RV. are entirely in praise of Sūrya, e.g. i, 50, i, 115 &c., also, Atharva-veda (Title) xiii, 2; he moves through the sky in a chariot drawn by seven ruddy horses or mares [see सप्ता (saptā) श्व (śva), हरित् (harit), हरिद् - अश्व (śva) (harid-aśva) ]; in the later mythology Sūrya is identified with Savitṛ as one of the 12 Ādityas or emblems of the Sun in the 12 months of the year, and his seven-horsed chariot is said to be driven by Aruṇa or the Dawn as its charioteer, who is represented without legs; the Sun, whether named Sūrya or Vivasvat, has several wives See सूर्य (sūrya) ा (sūryā) below), RV. &c. &c. ( cf. Indian Wisdom, by Sir M. Monier-Williams (Title) 11; 16 &c. Religious Thought and Life in India, also called ’Brāhmanism and Hindūism,’ by Sir M. Monier-Williams (Title) 341 ) [ ID=251460 ]
- sun, sun-god  
  *Macdonell Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > सूर्य (sūrya) [Printed book page 357-3 ] सूर्य (sūrya) sū́r-ya, m. [svar] sun; sun-god; N. ( C. ): -ka, m. N.; -kara, m. sunbeam; -kānta, m. (beloved of the sun), sun-stone, sun-crystal; -candra, m. N.; -tapas, m. N. of a sage; -tajas, n. sunshine; ( sū́rya ) -tvac, a. having a sun-bright skin or covering ( RV. ); -pāda, m. sunbeam; -putra, m. son of the sun, pat. of the Aśvins, planet Saturn, and Yama: ī, f. daughter of the sun, the Yamunā; -prabha, a. sun-bright; m. N. among others of the kind after whom the eighth Lambaka of the Kathāsaritsāgara is colled : -tā, f. abst. ɴ.; -prabhava, a. sprung, from the sun ( rare ); -prabhīya, a. belonging to king Sūryaprabha; -praśiṣya, m. ep. of Janaka; -bimba, m. or n. disc of the sun; -maṇḍala, n. id.; -matī, f. N. of a princess; -ratha, m. car of the sun; -raśmi, m. sunbeam; -ruc, f. sunlight; -vaṃśa, m. solar race or kings; -vaṃś-ya, a. belonging to the solar race; -varman, m. N. of a Ḍāmara; -vāra, m. Sunday; -śiṣya, m. ep. of Yājñavalkya: -antevāsin, m. ep. of Janaka; -saṃkrama, m. entrance of the sun into a new sign of the zodiac; -saṃkrānti, f. id.; -siddhānta, m. T. of an astronomical treatise ascribed to the Sun; -suta, m. (son of the sun) planet Saturn; the monkey Sugrīva; -stuti, f., -stotra, n. praise of the sun. [ ID=19651 ]
- 1. The sun. 2. The gigantic swallow-wort.  
  *Vaidya Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > सूर्य (sūrya) [Printed book page 792-28 ] सूर्य (sūrya) m. 1. The sun, सूर्य (sūrya) े तपत्यावरणाय दृष्टेः कल्पेत लोकस्य कवं तमिस्रा (sūrye tapatyāvaraṇāya dṛṣṭeḥ kalpeta lokasya kavaṃ tamisrā) R. v.13, क्व सूर्य (sūrya) प्रभवो वंशः क्व चाल्पविषया मतिः (kva sūryaprabhavo vaṃśaḥ kva cālpaviṣayā matiḥ) R. i.2; 2. the gigantic swallow-wort. [ ID=41437 ]
- 1. The sun. 2. Gigantic swallow-wort. 3. The son of Bali. 4. The wife of the sun. 5. A new bride. 6. A bitter gourd.  
  *Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > सूर्य (sūrya) [Printed book page 1055-a ] सूर्य (sūrya) sūrya, i. e. 2. svar, or rather *savar (for original *savan ), + ya, I. m. 1. The sun, Pañc. 37, 20. 2. Gigantic swallow-wort. 3. The sen of Bali. II. f. yā. 1. The wife of the sun. 2. A new bride. 3. A bitter gourd. — Comp. Prati-sūrya + m, adv. oppo- site to the sun; pratisūrya, see s. v. — Cf. ἀϐέλιος (for ἀϝέλιος = *savar + ya ), ἠέλιος, ἥλιος; Goth. sauil; Lat. sol; Goth. sunna (= *savan + ya ), sunno; A.S. sunna, sunne, sun. [ ID=16332 ]
- 1. The sun or its deity. 2. The sun personified as a female or a hymn of the Rigveda.  
  *Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary*
  > सूर्य (sūrya) [Printed book page 632 ] सूर्य (sūrya) m. the sun or its deity; f. सूर्य (sūrya) ा (sūryā) the Sun personified as a female, a cert. hymn of the Rigveda. [ ID=37931 ]
- 1. The sun personified as a female. 2. The hymn of Suryas wedding.  
  *Lanman's Sanskrit Reader Vocabulary*
  > सूर्य (sūrya) [Printed book page 276-a ] sū́rya, m. the sun, selection xl.; the Sun, personified, selection xxxiii.; sūryā́, f. —1. the Sun, personified as a female; —2. the hymn of Sūryā's wedding, RV. x. 85, selection lviii. [ fr. svàr (sū́r), 1212a.] [ ID=4697 ]
- 1. The sun or its deity. 2. A symbolical expression for the number twelve. 3. The swallow-wort plant. 4. An epithet of Shiva.  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1872)*
  > सूर्य (sūrya) [Printed book page 1132-c ] Sūrya, as, m. (perhaps originally suvar-ya, or according to some, savar-ya, savar being for sa- van, cf. the etymology of sūra, col. 2; according to Vopa-deva fr. rt. sṛ ), the Sun or its deity, (the name Sūrya being generally distinguished in the Veda from Savitṛ, q. v., and Āditya, q. v., as be- longing to a distinct god; from some passages, how- ever, it would appear that these names are intended to be interchangeable as representing various forms of one and the same divine personality; in the later mythology Sūrya as Savitṛ is reckoned as one of the twelve Ādityas or emblems of the Sun in the twelve months of the year; by Yāska, Nirukta VII. 5, he is regarded as one of the original Vedic triad, his place being in the sky, while that of Agni is on the earth, and that of Indra is in the atmosphere; many hymns or parts of hymns in the Ṛg-veda are in praise of Sūrya, e. g. I. 50, I. 115, IV. 13, VII. 60, X. 37, X. 170; sometimes he is called son of Dyaus, sometimes of Aditi; in one passage Uṣas, the Dawn, is his wife, in another he is styled the child of the Dawns; he moves through the sky in a chariot drawn by seven ruddy horses or mares [see saptāśva, harit, harid-aśva, śundhyu ]; he is described as the eye of Mitra and Varuṇa, and sometimes of Agni; he is all-seeing, ever beholding the good and bad deeds of mortals, the preserver of all things stationary and moving; in other passages he is represented as holding a somewhat secondary position, being made to shine or have his path pre- pared for him by Mitra and Varuṇa, by Aryaman, by Indra, by the Dawns, and others; the long hymn, Atharva-veda XIII. 2, is entirely in his praise; there is another addressed to the Sun, called Bhānu, in Mahā-bhārata, Vana-parvan 166, &c. and in the Yuddha-kāṇḍa of the Rāmāyaṇa [VI. 106, Bombay edit.], Rāma, when about to do battle with Rāvaṇa, is told by Agastya to repeat a hymn, called Āditya- hṛdaya, to the Sun, there called Vivasvat, and iden- tified with Āditya, Savitṛ, Sūrya, Pūṣan, and in fact with Brahmā, Viṣṇu, Śiva, and all the other gods; in the later mythology the seven-horsed chariot of Sūrya is said to be driven by Aruṇa or the Dawn as its charioteer, who is represented without legs; the Sun, whether named Sūrya or Vivasvat, has several wives, see sūryā below, and cf. sa-varṇā, see also chāyā, sañ-jñā, aśvinī; by Sañjñā he had two children, Yama and Yamunā, q. q. v. v.; by Aśvinī, the two Aśvins; by Kuntī, before her mar- riage with Pāṇḍu, he had Karṇa, q. v.; and he is also supposed to be the father of Manu Vaivasvata, and to be the progenitor of one of the two great lines of Hindū kings [see sūrya-vaṃśa below]; seven Sūryas are sometimes mentioned, which are probably the seven planets, the Sun being regarded as a planet by Hindū astronomers; ninety-four synonyms of Sūrya are commonly given, and his epithets are almost innumerable; at the end of a Kalpa he is called Kāla-sūrya); a symbolical expres- sion for the number twelve (in allusion to the sun in the twelve signs of the zodiac); the swallow-wort (either Calotropis or Asclepias Gigantea, = arka ); N. of the son of Bali; of a Dānava; of an astro- nomer ( = sūrya-dāsa ); epithet of Śiva; ( ā ), f. the wife of Sūrya or the Sun, (also called Sañjñā, q. v.); the daughter of Sūrya or the Sun, (see Ṛg-veda I. 116, 17; also described as daughter of Savitṛ and wife of the Aśvins, and in other places as married to Soma; in Ṛg-veda I. 119, 2. she is called Ūrjānī, and in VI. 55, 4, VI. 58, 4. the sister of Pūṣan, q. v., who is described as loving her, and receiving her as a gift from the gods; according to some she represents a weak manifestation of the Sun; Sūryā Sāvitrī is regarded as the authoress of the Sūryā-sūkta, Ṛg-veda X. 85; in Naigh. I. 11. Sūryā is enumerated among the vāṅ-nāmāni ); the hymn about the marriage of Sūryā ( = sūryā-sūkta, q. v.); a new bride; a drug; the colocynth or bitter gourd; [cf. Gr. ἥλιος; Lat. sol; Goth. sunna, sunno, sanil; Angl. Sax. sunna, sunne, sun.] —Sūrya-kamala, am, n. the sunflower, Page1133-a+ 81 heliotrope. —Sūrya-kānta, as, m. ‘sun-loved,’ the sun-stone, sun-gem, sun-crystal (a kind of crystal cool to the touch and supposed to possess fabulous properties because like a glass lens it gave out heat when exposed to the rays of the sun; there is a fellow-stone in connection with the moon called candra-kānta, q. v.); crystal ( = sphaṭika ); the flowering shrub Hibiscus Phœniceus. —Sūrya-kānti, is, f. sun-light, sun-shine; a particular flower (pro- bably the China rose); the flower of sesamum (ac- cording to some). —Sūrya-kāla, as, m. ‘sun-time,’ day-time, day. —Sūrya-kālānala-cakra (°la-an°), am, n. a kind of astrological diagram for indicating good and bad fortune. —Sūrya-gaṅgā-tīrtha, am, n., N. of a Tīrtha. —Sūrya-graha, as, m. ‘sun- planet,’ the sun; ‘sun-seizure,’ an eclipse of the sun; ‘sun-seizer,’ epithet of Rāhu and Ketu, q. q. v. v.; the bottom of a water-jar. —Sūrya-grahaṇa, am, n. ‘sun-seizure,’ a solar eclipse. —Sūrya-ja, as, m. ‘sun-born,’ epithet of the monkey Sugriva; of the hero Karṇa; of the planet Saturn; ( ā ), f. the river Yamunā (also called Aṃśu-matī, q. v.). —Sūrya-tanaya, as, m. ‘son of the Sun,’ epithet of the planet Saturn; of Karṇa; of Sugrīva; ( ā ), f. ‘daughter of the Sun;’ the river Yamunā. —Sūrya-tejas, as, n. the radiance or heat of the sun. —Sūrya-tvac, k, k, k, or sūrya- tvaca, as, ā, am, having skin as bright or as clear as the sun. —Sūrya-dāsa, as, m., N. of an astro- nomer of the sixteenth century (author of the Rāma- kṛṣṇa-kāvya); of a son of Śiva-dāsa. —Sūrya- dhvaja, as, m. ‘sun-bannered,’ N. of a king. —Sūr- ya-nakṣatra, am, n. ‘sun-asterism,’ that Nak- ṣatra (of the twenty-seven) in which the sun hap- pens to be. —Sūrya-nagara, ‘city of the Sun,’ N. of the capital of Cashmere (commonly called Siri- nagar or Seri-nagar). —Sūrya-nārāyaṇa, as, m. the Sun personified; a proper N. —Sūrya-pattra, as, m. the plant Calotropis Gigantea. —Sūrya-parvan, a, n. a solar festival (on the days of the solstices, equinoxes, eclipses, &c.). —Sūrya-putra, as, m., N. of Karṇa; of Sugrīva; of Varuṇa; of the planet Saturn, (see śani ); of Yama; ( ī ), f. ‘daughter of the Sun,’ lightning; the river Yamunā. —Sūrya- pura, am, n. ‘city of the Sun,’ N. of a city. —Sūrya- prajñapti, is, f., N. of a work. —Sūrya-prabha, as, m., N. of a king of Śākala (son of Candra- prabha). —Sūrya-prabhava, as, ā, am, sprung from the Sun. —Sūrya-phaṇi-cakra, am, n. a kind of astrological diagram for indicating auspicious and in- auspicious moments for doing anything. —Sūrya- bhakta, as, ā, am, worshipping the sun, one who worships the sun; ( as ), m. a particular tree (= ban- dhūka-puṣpa). —Sūrya-bhaktaka, as, m. a sun- worshipper; the tree Bandhūka-puṣpa. —Sūrya-bhā, ās, &c., bright as the sun. —Sūrya-maṇi, is, m. the sun-stone, or sun-gem, (see sūrya-kānta ); the shrub Hibiscus Phœniceus. —Sūryamaṇi-vṛkṣa, as, m. the flowering shrub Hibiscus Phœniceus (= puṣpa- rakta). —Sūrya-maṇḍala, am, n. the orb or disk of the sun. —Sūrya-mukhī, f. the plant Helianthus Annuus. —Sūrya-yantra, am, n. ‘sun-machine,’ a representation of the sun, instrument used in worshipping the Sun (or in taking solar observa- tions). —Sūrya-raśmi, is, m. a ray of the sun, sun- beam; ( is, is, i ), having the rays of Sūrya; ( is ), m. epithet of Savitṛ. —Sūrya-latā, f. the plant Cleome Viscosa or another (= arka-bhaktā). —Sūrya-loka, as, m. the world or heaven of the sun (a region or space supposed to exist round the sun, constituting a heaven of which the sun is regent). —Sūrya- vaṃśa, as, m. the family or race of the sun, the solar race of kings (i. e. the royal dynasty of Rāma- candra, king of Ayodhyā, hero of the Rāmāyaṇa, who was descended from Ikṣvāku, son of Vaivas- vata Manu, son of the Sun; many Rājput tribes still claim to belong to this race; it is one of the two great lines of kings, the other being called ‘lunar,’ see candra-vaṃśa ). —Sūrya-vana, am, n., N. of a forest in Kuru-kṣetra. —Sūrya-varcas, ās, ās, as, resplendent as the sea; ( ās ), m. a proper N. —Sūr- ya-varṇa, as, ā, am, sun-coloured, bright as the Page1133-b+ 78 sun. —Sūrya-vallī, f. the plant Arka-puṣpikā (or, according to some, Cleome Pentaphylla). —Sūrya- vimba, as, am, m. n. the disk of the sun. —Sūrya- vimba-tīrtha, am, n., N. of a Tīrtha. —Sūrya-vi- lokana, am, n. the ceremony of taking a child out to see the sun when four months old. —Sūrya-śa- taka, am, n., N. of a short poem by Mayūra (= mayūra-śataka). —Sūrya-śobhā, f. sun-shine. —Sūr- ya-saṅkrama, as, m. the passage of the sun from one sign to another. —Sūrya-saṅkrānti, is, f. the sun's entrance into a new sign. —Sūrya-sañjña, am, n. saffron. —Sūrya-sama, as, ā, am, equal to or resembling the sun. —Sūrya-sārathi, is, m. the charioteer of the Sun, i. e. Aruṇa (the Dawn per- sonified). —Sūrya-siddhānta, as, m. a celebrated astronomical text-book (said to be a direct revelation from the Sun, and thought by some to be the same as the Saura-s° or one of the five earlier works on which was founded the Pañca-siddhāntikā of Varāha- mihira, who lived about the beginning of the sixth century of our era; the Sūrya-s° has been printed with Raṅga-nātha's commentary, the Gūḍhārtha-prakā- śaka). —Sūryasiddhānta-ṭīkā, f. a commentary on the Sūrya-siddhānta. —Sūrya-stavana, am, n. ‘praise of the Sun,’ N. of the 107th chapter of the Mārkaṇ- ḍeya-Purāṇa. —Sūrya-stuti, is, f. a hymn to the sun. —Sūrya-stotra, am, n. a hymn to the sun (attri- buted to Śāmba). —Sūrya-hṛdaya, am, n. ‘heart of the sun,’ a hymn to the sun of great efficacy (also called Āditya-h°, see under sūrya ). —Sūryā-can- dramasau, m. du. the sun and moon. —Sūryātapa (°ya-āt°), as, m. the heat or glare of the sun, sun- shine. —Sūryātapa-cchinna-dṛṣṭi, is, is, i, hav- ing the sight dazzled by the sun's glare. —Sūryāta- pa-parikṣipta, as, ā, am, darted upon or over- spread by the rays of the sun. —Sūryā-māsā, m. du., Ved. the sun and moon. —Sūryārghya (°ya-ar°), am, n. the presentation of an offering to the sun. —Sūryāloka (°ya-āl°), as, m. sun-shine. —Sūryāvarta (°ya-āv°), as, m. ‘turning to the sun,’ the plant Cleome Viscosa; a kind of sun- flower, Helianthus Indicus; ( ā ), f. a kind of plant (= arka-bhaktā). —Sūryā-vivāha, as, m. the marriage of Sūryā (as described in Ṛg-veda X. 85). —Sūryāvekṣaṇa (°ya-av°), am, n. the act of looking at the sun. —Sūryāśman (°ya-aś°), ā, m. the sun-stone or sun-gem, (see sūrya-kānta. ) —Sūr- yāśva (°ya-aś°), as, m. a horse of the sun ( = harit, q. v.). —Sūryā-sūkta, am, n. the hymn Ṛg- veda X. 85 (giving an account of the marriage of Sūryā; this hymn is also given with some variations in Atharva-veda XIV. 1). —Sūryāsta (°ya-as°), am, n. sun-set. —Sūryāhva (°ya-āh°), as, ā, am, named after the sun; ( as ), m. gigantic swallow-wort; ( am ), n. copper. —Sūryendu-saṅgama (°ya-in°), as, m. ‘conjunction of sun and moon,’ the day of new moon (= amā-vāsyā). —Sūryoḍha (°ya-ūḍha), as, m. an evening guest (one who arrives after sun- set). —Sūryotthāna (°ya-ut°), am, n. sun-rise, the rising of the sun. —Sūryodaya (°ya-ud°), as, m. sun-rise. —Sūryopāsaka (°ya-up°), as, m. a sun- worshipper. —Sūryopāsanā, f. the worship of the sun. [ ID=52552 ]
- the sun  
  *Index to the Names in the Mahabharata*
  > सूर्य (sūrya) [Printed book page 662-2 ] *Sūrya 1 (the sun), identified with Savitṛ and Vivasvat, and = Āditya. [§ 3 (Anukram.): I, 1, 42 (the twelve forms (sons) of Vivasvat (cf. Āśāvaha) seem to be forms of the sun)].—§ 4 (do.): I, 1, †185 ( yadā Vāyuḥ Śakra-Sūryau ca yuktau Kaunteyānāṃ anulomā jayāya ).—[§ 11 (Parvasaṅgr.): I, 2, 419 ( Raveḥ ), 420 ( Tigmāṃśuṃ ), (all. to § 310)].—§ 28 (Amṛtamanthana): I, 19, 1162 ( Candra-S°ābhyāṃ ), 1166 (do., Rāhu swallows up the sun and the moon [at the eclipses] because they discovered him drinking amṛta).— § 33 (Garuḍa): I, 23, 1249 ( Tapanaḥ, Garuḍa is identified with S.).—§ 34 (do.): I, 24, 1264 ( S. would burn the world).—§ 35 (Aruṇa): I, 24, 1270 (Aruṇa was placed before S. as his charioteer and took away his energy ( tejaḥ )). —§ 81 (Karṇa): I, 63, 2427 (father of Karṇa, cf. § 131, etc.). —§ 92 (Aṃśāvat.): I, 65, 2535 ( devānāṃ Sūryā-Candra- masau, different from the Dānavas of the same names).— [§ 131 (Kuntī): I, 67, 2771 ( Arkaṃ, begat Karṇa on Kuntī, cf. § 175 and § 547)].—[§ 131 b (Karṇa): I, 67, 2784 ( Divākarasya…aṃśaṃ, sc. Karṇa)].—§ 175 (Karṇa- sambhava): I, 111, (4393) (begat Karṇa on Kuntī, cf. § 131 and § 547).—[§ 208 (Astradarśana): I, 136, 5381 ( Bhāska- rasya…aṃśaḥ Karṇaḥ ), 5383 ( Bhāskarasyātmasambhavaḥ = do.), 5402 ( Bhāskaraḥ, assisted Karṇa by dispersing the clouds)].—§ 222 (Tapatyup.): I, 171, 6527, 6530; 173, 6595 (bestowed his daughter Tapatī on Saṃvaraṇa).—[§ 246 (Sundopasundop.): I, 211, 7682 ( Candrādityau )].—§ 270 (Brahmasabhāv.): II, 11, 429 (took Nārada with him to the palace of Brahmán).—§ 310 (Āraṇyakap.): III, 3, 146 (having described the activity of the sun ( b : from compassion with the hungry creatures the sun during his northern course draws up water, and during his southern course he enters Page663-a+ 63 the earth with his heat. The moon, the lord of the plants ( Oṣadhīpatiḥ ) converts that water into clouds of rain, which he pours down; thus [from the combination of water and heat] the plants are produced. Thus, the vegetables of the six tastes ( ṣaḍrasāḥ ) which constitute the food of all creatures, have their origin from the sun) Dhaumya then enumerated the 108 names of Sūrya (α)), 158.—§ 310 b (do.): Yudhiṣṭhira praised S. saying: “Thou art the eye of the universe, and the soul of all corporeal existences. Thou art the origin of all creatures, and the embodiment of acts of religious men. Thou art the goal of all the Sāṅkhyas and the final end of the Yogins. Thou art a door not fastened through bolts and the goal of those who desire emancipation. Thou sustainest, discoverest, sanctifiest, and supportest the world. Brahmans versed in the Vedas adore thee with different hymns. Thou art adored by the ṛṣis. Siddhas, Cāraṇas, Gandharvas, Yakṣas, Guhyakas, and Pannagas follow thy chariot through the sky, the thirty-three gods, the hosts of Vaimānikas, with Upendra (i.e. Viṣṇu) and Mahendra, the principal Vidyādharas, the Guhyas, the seven divine and human Pitṛgaṇas, the Vasus, the Maruts, the Rudras, the Sādhyas, the Marīcipas, the Vālakhilyas, and other Siddhas, have obtained success by adoring thee. Śārṅgadhanvan's discus by which he humbles the Asuras, has been forged by Viśvakarman through thy energy. Thou illuminest the whole earth with her 13 dvīpas; thou art the beginning and the end of the day of Brahmán, which consists of 1000 yugas; thou art the lord of the Manus and of their sons, of the manvantaras and of their lords; at the time of universal destruction the Saṃvartaka fire is born from thy wrath; then clouds, begotten of thy rays, bring about the appointed deluge; dividing thyself into twelve suns thou then drinkest up the ocean with thy rays. Thou art Indra, Viṣṇu, Brahmán, Prajāpati, Agni, the subtle mind, etc.; he who adores thee on the sixth and seventh lunar day with humility and tranquillity of mind obtains the grace of Lakṣmī; I bow also to thy followers: Māṭhara, Aruṇa, Daṇḍa, etc., who whirl thunderbolts (so Nīl.), and to the celestial mātṛs: Kṣubhā, Maitrī, etc. (enumerated by Nīl.). (He who recites this hymn, concentrating his mind, obtains from the sun what he asks for, etc.; Brahmán had communicated it to Śakra, and Śakra to Nārada, and Nārada to Dhaumya, and Dhaumya to Yudhiṣṭhira; it leads the reciter to the Sūryaloka (v. 206—10)): III, 3, 192.—[§ 310 (do.): III, 3, 200 ( Bhāskaraḥ ), (201) ( Vivasvān ), 216 ( Divākarāt ), (gave to Yudhiṣṭhira a copper vessel, the food cooked in which became inexhaustible)].—§ 317 b (Kṛṣṇa Vāsudeva): III, 12, 480 (Kṛṣṇa becomes S., etc.).—§ 332 (Mahādevastava): III, 39, 1628 (among the names of Śiva).—[§ 373 (Prayāga): III, 85, 8217 ( Tapanasya sutā…Yamunā )].—[§ 384 (Agastyop.): III, 103, 8778 ( Bhāskarasya nagottamaḥ, i.e. Vindhya)].—§ 385 (Vindhya): III, 104, 8783, 8784 ( Bhāskara ), 8786 ( °ā-Candramasor mārgaṃ ), 8789 (do.), (Vindhya's asking S. to circumambulate it).—[§ 400 (Tīrtha- yātrāp.): III, 118, †10225 ( Divākarasya, sc. āyatanaṃ )].— § 417 (Yavakrītop.): III, 138, 10808 ( rahasyavedaṃ… S°sya, applied by Arvāvasu).—§ 421 (Gandhamādanapr.): III, 142, 10906.—§ 439 (Yakṣayuddhap.): III, 163, 11867 ( °ā-Candramasau, go round Meru).—§ 473 (Mārkaṇḍeyas.): III, 200, †13479 ( °sutāś ca gāvaḥ ).—[§ 493 (Āṅgirasa): III, 221, 14182 ( Gavāṃ patiḥ )].—§ 521 (Draupadīharaṇap.): III, 262, 15493 ( °dattākṣayānnena, cf. § 310); [ 263, 15541 ( sthālyāṃ Bhāskaradattāyāṃ, do.)].—§ 546 (Kuṇḍalā- Page663-b+ 63 haraṇap.): III, 300, 16924, 16927 ( yogarddhirūparān ); 301, (16958); 302, (16987), 16994, 16996 ( S. appeared to Karṇa in a dream and warned him against Indra, and advised him at any rate to ask for the śakti of Indra).—§ 547 (Karṇa): III, 303, 17013; 306, (17082), 17083, †17091, (†17094); 307, (17109), (17115), (17118), 17121, (17122), 17123; 309, 17173; [ 310, 17195 ( Raceḥ )] (the story of Karṇa's birth, etc., cf. § 131 and § 175).—§ 551 (Kīcaka- vadhap.): IV, 15, 449 (appointed a Rākṣasa to protect Draupadī); [ 16, 462 ( Arkena, do.)].—§ 565 (Gālavacarita): V, 108, 3771 ( atra —i.e. in the east— datiāni S°ena yajāṃṣi, S. gave the Yajurveda [to Yajñavālkya]); 109, 3789 (Sāvarṇi and the son of Yavakrīta set is the south a limit which S. cannot overstep), 3795 (the ṛṣi Cakradhanus was born from S.); 110, 3813 (ordered Dhvajavatī to stop in the sky); [ 117, 3967 ( reme…Prabhāvatyāṃ yathā Raviḥ )].—§ 569 (Bhagavadyānap.): V, [ 141, 4757 ( Bhāskarāt, father of Karṇa); 145, 4920 ( Tapanaḥ, do.)]; 146, 4929 ( S. declared that he was the father of Karṇa).— [§ 575 (Bhūmip.): VI, 11, 403 ( Somārkayoḥ )].—§ 575 f (do.): The diameter of Sūrya (the Sun) is 10,000 yojanas, his circumference 35,800 yojanas; VI, 12, 485.—§ 603 c (Śiva): VII, 201, †9457 ( °-Candrau, identified with Śiva). —§ 603 (Nārāyaṇāstramokṣap.): VII, 202 ιι, 9595 (identified with Śiva).—§ 605 (Karṇap.): VIII, 32, 1347 ( Aruṇena yathā sārdhaṃ tamaḥ S°o vyapehati ), 1348 (dual, yathā ), 1349 ( °āruṇau yathā ).—§ 608 (do.): VIII, 68, †3392 ( °sya bhāsā ); 87, 4430, 4431 (wished that Karṇa might vanquish Arjuna).—§ 615 u (Skanda): IX, 45 γ, 2506 (came to the investiture of Skanda), 2533 (gave two companions to Skanda).—[§ 620 (Śrāddhap.): XI, 27 γ, 811 ( Bhāskarāt, father of Karṇa)].—[§ 621 (Rājadh.): XII, 6, 148 ( Bhāskarena, all. to § 569), 149 ( Divākarena, do.), 150 ( Bhānuḥ )].—§ 641 (do.): XII, 78, 2922 (identified with the horse); [ 122, 4499 ( Bhāskaraṃ, was made lord of all luminous bodies ( tejasāṃ ))].—§ 680 b (Tulādhāra-Jājalisaṃv.): XII, 265, 9449 ( Śraddhā Vaivasvatī…S°sya duhitā ).— [§ 702 (Mokṣadh.): XII, 293, 10754 ( sa-Māṭharaṃ, gratified by Śaibya)].—§ 707 (do.): XII, 314, 11612 (the adhidaivata of the eye); 319, 11726, 11745 (Yajñavālkya obtained the Yajurveda, the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, etc. from S.) (α), 11752.—[§ 712 (Śukoṭpatti): XII, 324, 12175 ( Divākara-Niśākarau )].—§ 717 c (Uparicara): XII, 336, 12714 ( Sātvataṃ vidhiṃ…prāk Sūryamukhaniḥsṛtaṃ ).— § 717 b (Nārāyaṇīya): XII, 340, 12983, 12985, 12986 ( °ānugāmibhiḥ, S. repeated the description of the glory of Nārāyaṇa to the ṛṣis who followed him); 341 λ, 13017.— § 718 b (Uñchavṛttyup.): XII, 363, 13916, 13917 ( °a ivā- paraḥ ); 364, (13918), 13924.—[§ 731 b (Aṣṭāvakra- Diksaṃv.): XIII, 20, 1492 ( Sahasrāṃśuṃ, worshipped by Aṣṭāvakra)].—§ 747 (Ānuśāsanik.): XIII, 84 γ, 3978 (identified with the horse).—§ 752 b (Chattropānahotpatti): XIII, 95, 4606 ( Jamadagneś ca saṃvādaṃ S°sya ca ), 4618—21, 4628; 96, 4631, 4632, 4634 (4635), 4636, 4641, (4642) (when Renukā was afflicted by the rays of the sun, Jamadagni would pierce S., who then, disguised as a brahman, gave him an umbrella and a pair of sandals).—§ 768 b (Umā-Maheśvara- saṃv.): XIII, 146 γ, 6751 ( °sya ca Suvarcalā, sc. sādhvī ).— [§ 768 b (Kṛṣṇa Vāsudeva): XIII, 147, 6831 ( Dākṣā- yaṇyaḥ…Ādityaḥ, father of Manu)].—§ 772 m (Atri): XIII, 157, 7299 (Svarbhānu pierced the Sun and Moon, then Atri assumed their forms).—§ 773 d (Śiva): XIII, 161 δ, 7497 (identified with Śiva).—[§ 789 (Putradarśa- Page664-a+ 61 nap.): XV, 30, 826 ( Divākaraṃ ), 827 ( Sahasrāṃśuḥ ), 830 ( Tigmāṃśuḥ ) ( S. begot Karṇa)]. Cf. Savitṛ, Vivasvat, and the following synonyms:— Āditya, q.v. *Amśumat (“radiant”): I, 6529; III, 2234 ( ? iva ); VII, †8131 ( ? Rāhv-A°toḥ ). *Arka, q.v. (add. I, 3572, 4396; II, 80 ( °sya, sc. sabhā ): III, 175; IV, 462; V, 4909). *Bhānu, q.v. (add. III, 166, 1664, 8782, 16996, 17074. 17141; V, 4931; VIII, †5042). *Bhānumat, q.v. (add. I, 6604; III, 17175). *Bhāskara, q.v. (add. I, 1469 ( Aruṇaḥ…Bh°sya puraḥsaraḥ ), 4389, 5402, 6600; III, 159, 437 ( paryadhāvata …Svarbhānur iva Bh°ṃ ), 486, 8778, 8784, 10641, 15541, 16979, 16984; V, 4757, 4929; VII, 1502, 9600 (identified with Śiva). Śukra, q.v. Dākṣāyaṇya, *Dīptāṃśu, q.v. *Divākara (“day-maker”): I, †1254, 2784 ( °sya… aṃśaṃ, sc. Karṇa), 6607; II, 427; III, 163, 193, 200, 216, 7062 ( Rāhugraste ), 10225, 10808, 13945, 17077, 17175; IX, 1173 ( °pathaṃ ); X, 24; XII, 149, 12175; XV, 826. Gavāṃ patiḥ (“lord of rays”): III, 192, 14182. Gopati, Lokeśvara, Marīśin, Pataṅga, q.v. Prakāśakarman (“light-maker”): V, 4920 ( Tapanaḥ ). Prakāśakartṛ (do.): I, 2772, 4398. *Raśmivat (“radiant”): III, 16926. *Ravi : I, 42, 419, 1274, 1246; III, 192; 205, 2132, 8437, 17195; V, 3967 ( reme…Prabhāvatyāṃ yathā R°iḥ ); XVIII, 167. *Sahasrakiraṇa (“thousand-rayed”): XIII, 428. *Sahasrāṃśu (do.): I, 6601; II, 427; III, 16940, 16994, 17098; XIII, 1492; XV, 827. Suraśreṣṭha, Svarbhānuśatru, Svarbhānu- sūdana, Tamoghna, q.v. *Tapana (“warming”): I, 1249, 4398, 6535, 6609; III, 192, 8217 ( °sya sutā…Yamunā ), 17138; V, 4920. Tapiṣṇu, Tigmāṃśu, Uṣṇaraśmi, Vibhā- vasu, Vibudhaśreṣṭha, Vihaṅgama, Viro- cana, q.v. [ Remark.—Besides the above synonyms, other epithets of the Sun are found in hymns, esp. III, 166—199.] [ ID=10477 ]
- 108 names of Surya  
  *Index to the Names in the Mahabharata*
  > [Printed book page 664-1 ] Sūrya's 108 names (III, 146—157). The names are the following (according to Nīl.): Aśvattha (v. Saṃvatsarakaro 'śvatthaḥ), Ādidevo 'diteḥ sutaḥ, 155; Aindhana, 149; Aja, 146; Alolupa, 156; Aṃśa, 152; Ananta, 154; Aṅgāraka, 147; Āpaḥ, 147; Aravindākṣa, 156; Arihan, 152; Arka, 146; Aryaman, 146; Bhaga, 146; Bhānu, 154; Bhūtādi, 155; Bhūtapati, 153; Bhūtāśraya, 153; Brahmán, 148; Bṛhaspati, 147; Budha, 147; Carācarātman, 157; Śāśvata, 151; Śanaiścara, 148; Śauri, 148; Śaya (B., Jaya, C.), 154; Śīghraga, 155; Śuci, 148; Śukra, 147; Dehakartṛ, 159; Dhanvantari, 155; Dharmadhvaja, 149; Dhātṛ, 146; Dhūma- ketu, 155; Dīptāṃśu, 148; Dvādaśātman, 156; Dvāpara, 150; Gabhastimat, 146; Indra, 148; Jāṭharo 'gniḥ, 149; Jaya (C., Śaya, B.), 154; Jīmūta, 152; Jīvana, 152; Kalā, 150; Kāla, 146; Kālacakro vibhāvasuḥ, 151; Kālādhyakṣa, 152; Kaliḥ sarvamalāśrayaḥ, 150; Kāmada, 154; Kapila, 154; Karuṇānvita, 157; Kāṣṭhā, 150; Kha(ṃ ), 147; Kṛta(ṃ ), 150; Kṣapā, 150; Kṣaṇa, 150; Maitreya, 157; Manaḥ Page664-b+ 63 suparnaḥ, 155; Mokṣadvāraṃ Triviṣṭapa(ṃ ), 156; Mṛtyu, 146; Muhūrtāḥ, 150; Parāyaṇa(ṃ ), 147; Pitā, matā, pitā- mahaḥ, 156; Prabhākara, 146; Praśāntātman, 157; Prajā- dhyakṣa, 152; Prāṇadhāraṇa, 155; Pṛthivī, 147; Puruṣa, 151; Pūṣan, 146; Ravi, 146; Rudra, 148; Sāgara, 152; Sanātana, 151; Saṃvartako vahniḥ, 153; Saṃvatsarakaro śvatthaḥ, 151; Sarvadhātuniṣecitṛ, 154; Sarvalokana- maskṛta, 153; Sarvasyādi(ḥ ), 153; Sarvatomukha ( °su° C.), 154; Savitṛ, 146; Skanda, 148; Soma, 147; Sraṣṭṛ, 153; Sūkṣmātman, 157; Sūrya, 146; Svargadvāraṃ prajādvāraṃ, 156; Tamonuda, 152; Tejas, 147; Tejasāṃ patiḥ, 149; Tretā, 150; Tvaṣṭṛ, 146; Vaidyuto 'gniḥ, 149; Varada, 154; Varuṇa, 148, 152; Vāyu, 147; Vedakartṛ, 149; Vedāṅga, 149; Vedavāhana, 149; Viśāla, 154; Viśvakarman, 152; Viśvātman, 157; Viśvatomukha, 157; Viṣṇu, 148; Vivasvat, 148; Vyaktāvyakta(ḥ ), 151; Yama, 148; Yāma, 150; Yogin, 151. [ ID=10478 ]
- The sun god, lord of all animate and inanimate worlds, who rides a single-wheeled chariot across the sky, divides time and seasons, and sustains the universe.  
  *The Purana Index*
  > सूर्य (sūrya) [Printed book page 3-683 ] Sūrya (I) — is Mārtāṇḍa as he occupies the inanimate globe; is Hiraṇyagarbha being born of the Golden Egg. By his course are divided all the worlds: the Lord of all, animate and inanimate: His movement among the Rāśīs in the sky. Traversing the signs of Meṣa and Tulā (the Goat and Balance) he makes days and nights of equal length: travers- ing the five signs commencing with Vṛṣabha (Bull) he makes days longer and nights shorter in a month by 24 minutes: traversing the five signs commencing with Vṛścika, he reverses the process. Rides in a chariot of one wheel with Aruṇa as charioteer. Sixtythousand Vālakhilyas go in front of him singing the Vedas: is also served by other sages, Gan- dharvas, Apsaras, Nāgas, Yakṣas, Yātudhānas, and Gods; 1 the sun moves with Meru and Dhruva on his right and marches towards the signs of the Zodiac. The twelve signs are the twelve months of a year. If he traverses one-sixth of the orbit, it is Ṛtu, and if he completes one-half of his heavenly path it is ayana. Sometimes the velocity is slow, sometimes rapid and moderate: the name of the year differs accord- Page3-684+ 60 ingly. 2 also known as Divaspati and Divākara; 100 thousand yojanas from the earth, and the same distance from moon; 3 does not shine in Ilāvṛtam; 4 protects the earth and hence Ravi; 5 cosmology of; sunrise at Samyamana, midday at Ama- rāvatī; evening for Vibhā and midnight for Sukhā. His rays enter fire during nights and come back during mornings; hence waters are warm during nights and cool during days; in a muhūrta Sūrya spreads over a lakh and 81,000 yojanas; 6 chariot of one wheel with vedic metres as horses; colour of the sun in six seasons different; parent of the worlds, all birth and devastation due to him. 7 Twelve-fold ātma; instructed Yājñavalkya in the form of a horse the Yajus; 8 father of the Yuvati class of Apsaras; a friend of king Satrājit. 9 Relative size of sun, moon, etc.; relative splendours, motions and qualities; different classes of rays named; 10 survives antara pralaya; came after Brahmā in the order of creation; 11 Śrāddha deva; 12 Sunday sacred to: 13 fight with Kālanemi. 14 [ Footnote: 1) Bhā. V. 20. 43-6; 21 (whole).] [ Footnote: 2) Ib. 22. 1-7.] [ Footnote: 3) Br. IV. 2. 20, 29.] [ Footnote: 4) Ib. II. 17. 10.] [ Footnote: 5) Ib. II. 20. 58; Ch. 21.] [ Footnote: 6) Ib. II. Ch. 22-3; M. Ch. 128.] [ Footnote: 7) Br. II. Ch. 24.] [ Footnote: 8) Ib. II. 35. 23-5.] [ Footnote: 9) Ib. III. 7. 21, 215; 71. 21, 29.] [ Footnote: 10) M. Ch. 128. 13-74.] [ Footnote: 11) Ib. 2. 12 and 31.] [ Footnote: 12) Ib. 13. 1.] [ Footnote: 13) Ib. 70. 33.] [ Footnote: 14) Ib. 150. 151-179; 268. 11.] [ ID=16676 ]
- A son of Kashyapa and Aditi, husband of Samjna and Chhaya, and father of Manu, Shraddhadeva, Yama, and Yami.  
  *The Purana Index*
  > [Printed book page 3-684 ] Sūrya (II) — a son of Kaśyapa and Aditi; wives Samjñā and Chāyā; father of Manu, Śrāddhadeva and Yama and Yami; see Vivasvan. 1 Presented Pṛthu with arrows from his rays; worship of: in Plakṣadvīpa, 2 begot a son on Pṛthā, still a maiden; 3 presented his friend Satrājita with Syamantaka (s.v.); 4 propitiated by Yājñavalkya, imparted to him Vājasa- myaṣṭa Yajus in the form of a horse. 5 Pointed out with Soma, Rāhu in deva's disguise. Hence Rāhu chases him in parvas. Fought with Bāṇa in Devāsura war; 6 Baḍavā was another wife, and Tapati daughter; 7 is Vibhāvasu ten Kalas of; 8 gives life to Agni. 9 (Āditya): came to Kārtavīrya Arjuna in Brah- man's disguise and asked for a gift of all sthāvara for his food and offered in turn bows ever effulgent to help in burning Page3-685+ 27 down all sthāvaras; 10 māhātmya of, in the Bhaviṣya; 11 the day sacred to the sun is the one when Hastam and Saptami fall on the same day; 12 is Rāhu's abode; 13 knows what Śiva did to Pūṣa and Bhaga; 14 through Sarasvatī, got his two sons (not named); 15 worship of, by Brahmans. 16 [ Footnote: 1) Bhā. VI. 6. 39-41; IX. 1. 10-11.] [ Footnote: 2) Ib. V. 15. 18; 20. 4-5.] [ Footnote: 3) Ib. IX. 24. 32. 5.] [ Footnote: 4) Ib. X. 56. 3.] [ Footnote: 5) Ib. XII. 6. 66-74.] [ Footnote: 6) Ib. VIII. 9; 24-6; 10 30.] [ Footnote: 7) Ib. VIII. 13. 8-10; IX. 22. 4.] [ Footnote: 8) Br. I. 21. 83.] [ Footnote: 9) Ib. IV. 35. 81-3.] [ Footnote: 10) M. 2. 31; 44. 3-11.] [ Footnote: 11) Ib. 53. 31.] [ Footnote: 12) Ib. 5. 4.] [ Footnote: 13) Ib. 127. 10.] [ Footnote: 14) Ib. 155. 7.] [ Footnote: 15) Ib. 171. 57-8.] [ Footnote: 16) Ib. 184. 31.] [ ID=16677 ]
- see Adityas  
  *The Purana Index*
  > Sūryas — see Ādityas. Vi. V. 1. 58. [ ID=16679 ]
- the sun  
  *The Vedic Index of Names and Subjects*
  > सूर्य (sūrya) [Printed book page 2-465 ] Sūrya, the ‘sun,’ plays a great part in Vedic mythology and religion, 1 corresponding with the importance of the sun as a factor in the physical life of the peninsula. In the Rigveda 2 the sun is normally regarded as a beneficent power, a not unnatural view in a people which must apparently have issued from the cold regions of the Himālaya mountains. Its heat is, however, alluded to in some passages of the Rigveda, 3 as well as referred to in the Atharvaveda and the literature of the Brāhmaṇas. 4 In one myth Indra is said to have vanquished Sūrya and to have stolen his wheel: 5 this is possibly a reference to the Page2-466+ 62 obscuration of the sun by a thunderstorm. 6 The Aitareya Brāhmaṇa 7 presents a naive conception of the course of the sun, which it regards as bright on one side only, and as returning from west to east by the same road, but with the reverse side turned towards the earth, thus at night illumining the stars in heaven. 8 In the Rigveda 9 wonder is expressed that the sun does not fall. There are several references to eclipses in the Rigveda. In one passage 10 Svarbhānu, a demon, is said to have eclipsed the sun with darkness, while Atri restores the light of the sun, a similar feat being elsewhere attributed to his family, the Atris. 11 In the Atharvaveda 12 Rāhu appears for the first time in con- nexion with the sun. Indra's defeat of Sūrya 6 may also be explained as alluding to an eclipse; in two other passages 13 such an interpretation seems at least probable. Ludwig 14 not only argues that the Rigveda knows the theory of eclipses caused by an occultation of the sun by the moon, and regards the sun as going round the earth, 15 but even endeavours to identify an eclipse referred to in the Rigveda with one that occurred in 1029 B.C. These views are completely refuted by Whitney. 16 The sun as a maker of time 17 determines the year of 360 days, which is the civil year and the usual year ( Saṃvatsara ) of Page2-467+ 70 Vedic literature. This solar year is divided into two halves — the Uttarāyaṇa, 18 when the sun goes north, and the Dakṣiṇā- yana, 19 when it goes south. There can be no doubt that these periods denote the time when the sun turns north from the winter solstice, and when it turns south from the summer solstice, for the Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇa 20 says so in perfectly clear language. The alternative theory is to regard the periods as those when the sun is in the north — i.e., when it is north of the equator, and when it is in the south, taking as points of depar- ture the equinoxes, not the solstices; but this view has no support in Vedic literature, and is opposed to the fact that the equinoxes play no part in Vedic astronomical theory. 21 There are only doubtful references to the solstices in the Rigveda. 22 The Brāhmaṇas, 23 and perhaps the Rigveda, 24 regard the moon as entering the sun at new moon. According to Hille- brandt, 25 the Rigveda 26 recognizes that the moon shines by the borrowed light of the sun, but this seems very doubt- Page2-468+ 54 ful. See also Aryamṇaḥ Panthā, 27 Nakṣatra, and Sapta Sūryāḥ. [ Footnote: 1) See Macdonell, Vedic Mythology, p. 30 et seq. ] [ Footnote: 2) E.g., i. 50, 6; 115, 1. 3; 164, 11. 13; 191, 8. 9; vii. 63, 1; x. 37, 4; 85, 9; 88, 11; 139, 3, etc.] [ Footnote: 3) Rv. vii. 34, 19; ix. 107, 20.] [ Footnote: 4) Ehni, Yama, 134; Macdonell, op. cit., p. 31.] [ Footnote: 5) i. 175, 4; iv. 30, 4; x. 43, 5.] [ Footnote: 6) Macdonell, loc. cit. ] [ Footnote: 7) iii. 44, 4.] [ Footnote: 8) Macdonell, p. 10, who compares Rv. i. 115. 5; x. 37, 3. See also Speyer, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1906, 723; Thibaut, Astronomie, Astrologie und Mathematik, 6.] [ Footnote: 9) Rv. iv. 13, 5.] [ Footnote: 10) Rv. v. 40, 5-9. Cf. Macdonell, p. 160; Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa, iv. 5, 2; 6, 14; Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇa, xxiv. 3; Tilak, Orion, 159.] [ Footnote: 11) Av. xiii. 2, 4, 12, 36; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, iv. 3, 4, 21.] [ Footnote: 12) Av. xix. 9, 10; Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, 351.] [ Footnote: 6) Macdonell, loc. cit. ] [ Footnote: 13) Rv. iv. 28, 2, 3; v. 33, 4. In x. 27 20, sūro markaḥ means, according to Roth. St. Petersburg Dictionary, s.v., and Zimmer, loc. cit., a demon of eclipse; but it may also mean the ‘cleansing’ sun. Av. ii. 10, 8, clearly refers to an eclipse. See Lanman, Festgruss an Roth, 187-190.] [ Footnote: 14) Proceedings of the Bohemian Academy of Sciences, May, 1885; Translation of the Rigveda, 6, x.] [ Footnote: 15) See Rv. iv. 28, 23; v. 33, 4; x. 37, 3; 138, 4.] [ Footnote: 16) Proceedings of the American Oriental Society, October, 1885, xvii ( Journal of the American Oriental Society, 13, lxi- lxvi); Journal of the American Oriental Society, 16, lxxxii, lxxxiii; Eggeling, Sacred Books of the East, 41, 65, 66; Thi- baut, Astronomie, Astrologie und Mathe- matik, 6.] [ Footnote: 17) Rv. v. 81, 1.] [ Footnote: 18) The form Uttarāyaṇa is later (Manu, vi. 10, etc.). Udagayana occurs in the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, vi. 3, 1; Kauśika Sūtra, lxvii. 4; Lāṭyāyana Śrauta Sūtra, viii. 1, 1; Gobhila Gṛhya Sūtra, i. 1, 3; Āśvalāyana Gṛhya Sūtra, i. 4, etc.; Weber, Naxatra, 2, 201, 212; Jyotiṣa, 107 et seq.; Yāska, Nirukta, xiv. 10.] [ Footnote: 19) The form is late (Manu, i. 67, etc.). In the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, ii. 1, 3, the two Ayanas are equated each with three seasons — the northern course with spring, summer, and rains; the southern with autumn, winter, and cool season. But this is merely an inevitable in- accuracy, since no real season begins with the winter solstice.] [ Footnote: 20) xix. 3. Cf. Taittirīya Saṃhitā, vi. 5, 3; Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, vi. 1, 18 (Mādhyaṃdina = vi. 2, 18 Kāṇva); Weber, Naxatra, 2, 345 et seq. ] [ Footnote: 21) Thibaut, Indian Antiquary, 24, 96; Astronomie, Astrologie und Mathematik, 10; Oldenberg, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 48, 631 et seq.; 49, 473 et seq.; Nachrichten der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, 1909, 564, n. 1; Keith, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1909, 1103. On the other side. see Tilak, Orion, 22-31.] [ Footnote: 22) See Hillebrandt, Vedische Myth- ologie, 3, 279-283, who cites Rv. i. 61, 15; v. 29, 5; x. 171, 4; 179, 2. But none of these passages are conclusive. Cf. Thibaut, op. cit., 6.] [ Footnote: 23) Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, i. 6, 4, 18; iv. 6, 7, 12; x. 6, 2, 3; xi. 1, 6, 19; Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, i. 2, 13; Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, viii. 28, 8.] [ Footnote: 24) v. 47, 3; ix. 25, 6; 71, 2; x. 55, 5; 138, 4. Cf. Hillebrandt, op. cit., 1, 463-466.] [ Footnote: 25) Ibid., 3, 467, 468.] [ Footnote: 26) ix. 71, 9; 76, 4; 86, 32; perhaps i. 190, 3; Sāmaveda, ii. 9, 2, 12, 1. Thibaut, op. cit., 6, considers that the meaning of the passages is merely that the moon is filled up during the bright half of the month by light emanating from the sun.] [ Footnote: 27) Ludwig, Translation of the Rig- veda, 3, 188, finds in the Rigveda, i. 110, 2, a mention of the inclination of the ecliptic to the equator, and in x. 86, 4, a reference to the axis of the earth. Cf. Tilak, Orion, 158 et seq.; Oldenberg, Ṛgveda-Noten, 1, 102, 105. These views are clearly quite wrong. The notions of the sun given in the Brāhmaṇas are all very naive and simple; the distance of heaven and the sun from the earth is the height of a thousand cows one on the top of the other (Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa, xvi. 8, 6), or forty-four days' journey for a horse ( ibid., xxv. 10, 16), or a thousand days' journey for a horse (Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, ii. 17, 8), or a hundred leagues (Kausītaki Brāhmaṇa, viii. 3). They record also such facts as that the sun rises from and sets in the waters (Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, iv. 20, 13; of. Nirukta, vi. 17; Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇa, xxiv. 4, 5; xxvi. 1), and that it sets in the west ( ibid., xviii. 9). The Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa calls the sun circular (vii. 4, 1, 17), and also four- cornered ( catuḥ-śrakti ) in xiv. 3, 1, 17, and so on. See Weber, Indische Studien, 9, 358 et seq. ] [ ID=3652 ]

### Proper Names (Non-Solar-Deity Figures) (5 definitions)
- the son of Bali  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > N. of the son of Bali, L. [ ID=251463 ]
- name of a Danava  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of a Dānava, VahniP. [ ID=251464 ]
- an astronomer  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > of an astronomer (= सूर्य - दास (sūrya-dāsa) ), Cat. [ ID=251465 ]
- an Asura  
  *Index to the Names in the Mahabharata*
  > [Printed book page 664-2 ] Sūrya 2, an Asura. § 92 (Aṃśāvat.): I, 65, 2534 ( °ā-Candra- masau, sons of Danu), 2535 (do., not to be confounded with the gods of the same name).—§ 130 (do.): I, 67, 2694 ( mahāsuraḥ, incarnate as king Darada). Cf. Asura. [ ID=10479 ]
- 1. A son of Bali. 2. A Danava.  
  *The Purana Index*
  > [Printed book page 3-685 ] Sūrya (III) — a son of Bali; a Dānava. M. 6. 11; Br. III. 6. 8. [ ID=16678 ]

### Botanical Associations (Colocynth, Swallow-wort) (2 definitions)
- the swallow-wort  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > the swallow-wort (either Calotropis or Asclepias Gigantea, = अर्क (arka) ), L. [ ID=251462 ]
- the colocynth or bitter gourd  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > the colocynth or bitter gourd, L. [ ID=251473 ]

### Cross-references (2 definitions)
- See page 1243, column 1  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > (H1) [Printed book page 1244,3] सूर्य (sūrya) b &c. See p. 1243, col. 1. [ ID=251827 ]
- See page 1132, column 3.  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1872)*
  > [Printed book page 1133-c ] सूर्य (sūrya) sūrya. See p. 1132, col. 3. [ ID=52565 ]

### Epithet for Other Deities (2 definitions)
- an epithet of Shiva  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > epithet of Śiva, MBh. [ ID=251466 ]
- 1. Mahapurusha 2. Shiva 3. Vishnu  
  *Index to the Names in the Mahabharata*
  > Sūrya 3 = Mahāpuruṣa (Mahāpuruṣastava).—Do. 4 = Śiva (1000 names 1—2 ).—Do. 5 = Viṣṇu (1000 names). [ ID=10480 ]

### Miscellaneous Meanings (Drug, Speech) (2 definitions)
- speech  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > = वाच् (vāc), Naighaṇṭuka, commented on by Yāska (subtitle) i, 11 [ ID=251469 ]
- a drug  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > a drug, L. [ ID=251472 ]

### Sūryā: Daughter/Wife of the Sun God (2 definitions)
- the wife of Surya or the Sun  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > (H2B) [Printed book page 1243,2] सूर्या (sūryā) a ( आ (ā) ), f. the wife of Sūrya or the Sun (also called Saṃjñā, q.v. ) [ ID=251467 ]
- the daughter of Surya  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > the daughter of Sūrya or the Sun (see Ṛg-veda (Title) i, 116, 17; also described as daughter of Prajāpati or of Savitṛ and wife of the Aśvins, and in other places as married to Soma; in Ṛg-veda (Title) i, 119, 2 she is called Ūrjānī, and in vi, 55, 4, vi, 58, 4 the sister of Pūṣan [ q.v. ], who is described as loving her, and receiving her as a gift from the gods; accord. to some she represents a weak manifestation of the Sun; Sūryā Sāvitrī is regarded as the authoress of the Sūryā-sūkta, Ṛg-veda (Title) x, 85 ), Ṛg-veda (Title); AV.; AitBr.; Kauś. [ ID=251468 ]

### Adjective 'Solar' (1 definition)
- solar  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > (H2B) [Printed book page 1243,2] सूर्य (sūrya) mfn. solar (perhaps w.r. for सौर्य (saurya) ), Jyot. [For cognate words See under 2. स्वर् (svar).] [ ID=251474 ]

### Symbol for Number Twelve (1 definition)
- a symbolical expression for the number twelve  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > [Printed book page 1243,2] a symbolical expression for the number ‘twelve’ (in allusion to the sun in the 12 signs of the zodiac), Jyot.; Hcat. [ ID=251461 ]

### Sūryā-sūkta / Hymn of Sūryā (1 definition)
- see surya-suta  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > = सूर्या - सू (sūryā-sū) क्ता (ktā) ( q.v. ), ŚāṅkhGṛ. [ ID=251470 ]

### Term for a New Bride (1 definition)
- a new bride  
  *Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899)*
  > a new bride [ ID=251471 ]

## Sources

Definitions from Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary; Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary; Index to the Names in the Mahabharata; Lanman's Sanskrit Reader Vocabulary; Macdonell Sanskrit-English Dictionary; Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1872); Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899); The Purana Index; The Vedic Index of Names and Subjects; Vaidya Sanskrit-English Dictionary.
Text from the Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, University of Cologne.

The Sanskrit Lexicon app for iPhone, iPad and Mac: https://apps.apple.com/us/app/sanskrit-lexicon-dictionary/id6746787546